Environmental Economic Impact of Pollution in the Chesapeake Bay Essay

The Chesapeake Bay is the nation’s largest estuary with six major tributaries, the James, the Potomac, the Susquehanna, the Patuxent, the York, and the Rappahannock Rivers, feeding into the bay from various locations in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia (Chemical Contaminants in the Chesapeake Bay – Workshop Discussion 1). These areas depend on the Bay as both an environmental and an economic resource. Throughout the last 15 years the Chesapeake Bay has suffered from elevated levels of pollution. Nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater treatment plants, farmland, air pollution, and development all lead to reduced water clarity and lowered oxygen levels, which harm fish, crabs, oysters and underwater grasses (Key Commission Issues 1). There are other types of pollution in the bay such as toxic chemicals, but because nutrient pollution is the most significant and most widespread in the Bay its effects are the most harmful to fisheries. Ni trogen and phosphorous fuel algal blooms which cloud the water and block sunlight from reaching underwater grass beds that provide food and habitat for waterfowl, juvenile fish, blue crabs, and other species (Blankenship 11-12). Algae plays a vital role in the food chain by providing food for small fish and oysters. However, when there is an overabundance of algae it dies, sinks to the bottom of the Bay, and decomposes in such a manner that depletes the oxygen levels of the Bay (11). The reduced oxygen levels in the Bay reduce the carrying capacity of the environment and these â€Å"dead areas† sometimes kill off species that can not migrate to other areas of the Bay, such as oysters (11). Increased abundance of algal blooms also led to the overabundance of harmful and toxic algae species and microbes such as the microbe Pfiesteria, which was responsible in 1997 for eating fish alive and making dozens of people sick (12). The heightened awareness of diseases that can be cont racted through consumption of contaminated fish also has an economic impact. Therefore, the excess levels of nitrogen and phosphorous have fueled an overabundance of algal blooms, which has reduced water clarity and lowered oxygen levels, affecting many species within the bay and ultimately the industries that rely on these species. The signing of the 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement marked the first joint vent... ...able: http://www.virginia-beach.va.us/cityhall/planning/cbay.html (4 Nov. 1999). â€Å"Fish Health in the Chesapeake Bay: †¦Estimate of Seafood History Losses.† Available: http://www.mdsg.umd.edu/fish-health/pfiesteria/pfeconomics/sld005.html. (22 Nov. 1999). Glibert, Patricia M. and Daniel E. Terlizzi. â€Å"Nutrients, Phytoplankton, and Pfiesteria In the Chesapeake Bay.† Available: http://www.arec.umd.edu/policy/Pfiesteria/terlizzi/terlizzi.htm (22 Nov. 1999). â€Å"Impacts of Diseases and †¦ase Resistant Oysters† Available: http://biology.uroregon.edu/classes/bi130/webprojects/15/oyster.html (22 Nov. 1999). â€Å"Key Commission Issues† Available: http://www2.ari.net/cbc/old/cbc_issu.htm (4 Nov. 1999). Lipske, Michael. â€Å"Getting to Know You† National Wildlife, v33. (1995): 24-29. Parker, Doug. â€Å"The Economic Costs of Implementing the Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998.† Available: http://www.arec.umd.edu/policy/Pfiesteria/parker/parkertext.html (22 Nov. 1999). Santopierro, George D., and Leonard Shabman. â€Å"Can Privatization Be Inefficient?: The Case of the Chesapeake Bay Oyster Fishery.† Journal of Economic Issues, v26 n2 (June 1992): 407-415.

Emergency preparedness and Vulnerability assessment Essay

Emergency preparedness and Vulnerability assessment Introduction            The residents were given warning in advance that would have enabled to evacuate from the path of the storm in advance. The national hurricane centre and the mayor of the New Orleans had communicated about the evacuation of the people in the city more than 24 hours ahead. This meant that the people would be able to clear the way by the end of 24 hours and not many that would be affected as experienced. The warnings were not too rate since the Orleans exit can be able to handle 2/3rds of the population within every 12 hours and therefore, all the people would have managed to leave before Monday when the storm reached the place. Although the residents were used to weathering storms in the past, the mayor and the hurricane centre had already warned that the storm was different from what they experienced and was travelling at a high speed of more than 170 miles per hour and of the category of 5 storms (Fradin, & Fradin, 2010). Despite the people’s willingness to evacuate from the city, there were some people that were careless and they thought that it was just the same storm causing them to succumb to waters. However, more than 80% were able to escape while 20% were still in the city since they lacked the means to leave the place due to lack of money for gas and transport (Clark Hakim & Ostfeld, 2011). New York: Springer.). Moreover, the authorities failed as they delayed their evacuation process until when the storm had already hit the New Orleans. The attitude from the responsible authorities such as soldiers and other rescue people led increased damages losses, and death of people as they delayed evacuation and rescue process until Tuesday when many people were already affected. If the people had an attitude that the storm would not be the same, all the measures would have between taken to ensures that all the people were evacuated from the city. Moreover, the New Orleans would have made initiatives to clear the city in advance. Therefor e, an attitude that the storm would be the same led to a number of people remaining in the city resulting to mass deaths and damages of properties. Hence, people’s attitude contributed greatly to the intensity of disaster that caused more than 1,800 deaths and many other missing.            Is the threat of a radiological â€Å"dirty bomb† large enough for the United States to need to train extensively for such an event? How can first responders train for such an event? How would the training be different in regards to whether the event was a terrorist attack or whether it was an accident or would the training be the same?            The threat of radiological ‘dirty bomb’ is large and US is required to provide extensive training to its emergency and other disaster rescue team to ensure that any event that may happen will be fully addressed. This is because a radiological bomb can cause enormous harm to people in the scene and those living to the environs of the events (Bennett, 2007). Training would ensure that the victims are carefully handled t avoid spreading of the radioactive materials to other places as it may affect other people. Moreover, detonation and decontamination process require skilled people to prevent them from contacting the radio actives. The training for the first responder should entail decontamination and detonation of the victims to ensure that the radioactive material is not transferred from scene of the event. First responders should also be trained how to secure and label the scenes to prevent further contaminations of other people.            Training for various emergency responders should be different based on the type of the event whether terrorism of accidental spilling of radioactive materials. More advance training should be carried out responders of terrorists’ attacks. This is because terrorists’ attacks may have modified radioactive materials to enhance quick spread of the material, which may cause mass damage. Moreover, different radioactive materials may be used and thus improved training is important to address all the issues that may result. However, accidental leakage of radioactive material can be handled easily since the radioactive material is also known. Moreover, only a definite location can be affected, which would be much easier to deal with the attack.            How can we prevent terrorists from acquiring radiological material within the United States? How can we prevent terrorist from bringing radiological material into the United States? Are our current safeguards adequate enough?            United States can prevent terrorists from acquiring radiological material through enacting laws through congress. The laws will prohibit any possession of radiological materials and put punitive measures for those found in possession. Moreover, the laws should also prohibit people working on radiological areas from handling the materials inside the premise. In addition, the laws should prohibit any transportation of such materials without licence or permit. Moreover, the congress can enact acts that put in place a special committee in charge of all radiological materials and regulation to prevent general public from acquiring them. In addition, any accidental scene that may expose radiological materials can be guarded to prevent terrorists from accessing radiological materials.            All importation and entry of materials from other countries should be screened from radiological materials to prevent terrorists from transporting materials to the country. The united states have various regulatory bodies such as nuclear regulatory commission, (NRC) and environmental protection agency, (EPA) that are mandated with regulation of radiological materials (Kapur & Smith, 2011). However, the current safety of United States on radiological materials is not adequate because federal government only exercises regulation of radiological materials to only countries that they do not have trade agreement. This poses a risk of importation of radiological materials from the countries on agreement thus resulting to access of the materials by terrorists that may harm the citizens.            Moreover, the transportation of radioactive wastes from hospitals and other area to disposal areas is not secure, which poses the risk of terrorists acquiring the materials during transit.            How could first responders even know that an explosion was associated with a radiological attack? Once first responders know that an incident involves radiological material, are there any sorts of special equipment or personal protective gear that they would need to wear into the affected site            The first responders can identify an explosion through devices such as Geiger counters, which are detect the dose rate of an attack in addition to other equipments that can measure the intensity and harm of the material (Issues in critical and emergency medicine, 2012). The equipments will help the first responders to identify the form, attack so that he or she may be able to take the appropriate measures to safeguard his health and life and that of other people. Moreover, in case of accidental spill-out, the first responders should investigate the cause of the accident before starting the rescue process so as to identify the cause. Most likely hood is that, an explosion in a radioactive company or hospital that are major sources of radioactive materials may have high probability of radioactive materials compared to those that may happen in other areas. Therefore, it is important to identify the area where the explosion has happened as a way of identifying the type of explosion. Since radioactive materials spread very easily in the environment, it is important that first responder should wear protective equipments such as respiratory protection from radiological hazards to prevent any inhalations and standard protective clothes that prevents one from direct contact with radiological materials. This will ensure that first responders are safe from radioactive materials and are able to use the right measures to attend the victims.            How would first responders decontaminate suspected contaminated individuals leaving the area? Could this slow emergency medical response or the transport of the injured to neighbouring hospitals.            The first responder should ensure victims remove all their clothes and leave them in the scene of a decontamination centre that may be established at close to the scene of hazard. Victims should flush their eyes with plenty of water and other body parts are decontaminated before leaving the scenes. Moreover, the contaminated individuals should be screened for any radiological material before leaving the scene to prevent further contamination to other areas. People who are not contaminated should be separated from those who are contaminated although through a screening confirmation. The process will prevent further spread of the radiological materials to other people thus reducing the effects of the occurrence. The process can slow emergency response and transport of the victims for medical services and emergency services should be referred to medical facilities without decontamination although handled with care to prevent further effects in case of inhalations. Thi s is because, the processes of decontamination involve phases and in cases of mass victims, attending individual victims could delay the process as steps have to be followed. Therefore, although the process of decontamination should be the first step for emergency responders, it may not be good for ambulatory victims.            What would be some of the long-term consequences of a huge radiological incident such as a radiological â€Å"dirty bomb† attack or nuclear power plant meltdown? Would there likely be lingering health problems with the victims of such an incident? How could the affected areas be recovered and brought back to normal? Provide a 1/2 to 1 page, single spaced response.            Huge radiological incidents may affect the scenes in that the place may be alienated and people may be displaced or economic productivity of the place lost. The huge radiological attacks are associated with many health problems (Kapur & Smith, 2011). The inhalations of radio-active materials can result in respiratory health problems that may affects lungs. Moreover, it can result in lungs cancer. Gamma contacts on skin may result in skin cancer to the victims. In addition, radioactive contact has been associated with increased levels of infertility in both men and women in long term. Defectives births can also be experienced by these victims to exposure of embryo or foetus to radiological materials during an attack. Other health problems that may arise due to radiological attacks include cataracts, skin deformities, and may also cause early deaths. One of the major complications with huge radiological attack as the one experienced in Chernobyl nuclear plant in1986 with fire-fighters was an acute radiation syndrome, (ARS). The syndrome was characterised by nausea, diarrhoea, and vomiting in addition to weight loss, infections, depletion of bone marrow, and bleeding (Kapur & Smith, 2011).            The affected area could be recovered through decontamination process that may involve collecting of all the materials in the scenes either decontaminated on the scene or transported to a more secure place where they may be decontaminated. In addition, the place itself may be decontaminated through the use of commercial decontaminants such as Alcon ox or Sparkleen. Screening can then be done to ensure that the area is free from radiological materials before people can resume their duties in the place. After, the area is free from all radiological materials, people can resume their work or if it was a residential area, people can start a fresh without any risk. References Bennett, B. T. (2007). Understanding, assessing, and responding to terrorism: Protecting critical infrastructure and personnel. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience. Clark, R. M., Hakim, S., & Ostfeld, A. (2011). Handbook of water and wastewater systems protection. New York: Springer. Ensor, M. O. (2009). The legacy of Hurricane Mitch: Lessons from post-disaster reconstruction in Honduras. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Fradin, J. B., & Fradin, D. B. (2010). Hurricane Katrina. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. Guha-Sapir, D., Vos, F., Below V., & Ponserre, S. (2012). Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2011: The Numbers and Trends. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters Huber, C. (2014). Five of the worst natural disasters in 2013. New York: WorldVisionIssues in critical and emergency medicine. (2012). S.l.: Scholarly Editions. Kapur, G. B., & Smith, J. P. (2011). Emergency public health: Preparedness and response. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Ramroth, W. G. (2007). Planning for disaster: How natural and manmade disasters shape the built environment. Chicago: Kaplan. United States $ Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA (2007). FEMA Flood and Wind Publications, and Training Courses. New York: FEMA Source document

Montana-class Battleships US Navy - World War II

Displacement: 66,040 tonsLength: 920 ft., 6 in.Beam:  121 ft.Draft:  36 ft., 1 in.Propulsion:  8 Ãâ€" Babcock Wilcox 2-drum express type boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines,  4 Ãâ€" 43,000  hp Turbo-electric transmission  turning 4 propellersSpeed:  28 knots Armament (Planned) 12 Ãâ€" 16-inch (406  mm)/50 cal Mark 7 guns (4  Ãƒâ€" 3)20 Ãâ€" 5-inch (127  mm)/54 cal Mark 16 guns10–40 Ãâ€" Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns56 Ãâ€" Oerlikon 20 mm anti-aircraft cannons Background Recognizing the role that a naval arms race had played in the run-up to World War I, leaders from several key nations gathered in November 1921 to discuss preventing a recurrence in the postwar years.  These conversations produced the Washington Naval Treaty in February 1922 which placed limits on both ship tonnage and the overall size of the signatories fleets.  As a result of this and subsequent agreements, the US Navy halted battleship construction for over a decade after the completion of the Colorado-class USS West Virginia (BB-48) in December 1923.  In the mid-1930s, with the treaty system unraveling, work began on the design of the new North Carolina-class.  With global tensions rising, Representative Carl Vinson,  Chairman of the House Naval Affairs Committee, pushed forward the Naval Act of 1938 which mandated a 20% increase in the US Navys strength.   Dubbed the Second Vinson Act, the bill allowed for the construction of four South Dakota-class battleships (South Dakota, Indiana, Massachusetts, and Alabama) as well as the first two ships of the Iowa-class (Iowa and New Jersey).  In 1940, with World War II underway in Europe, four additional battleships numbered BB-63 to BB-66 were authorized.  The second pair, BB-65 and BB-66 were initially slated to be the first ships of the new Montana-class.  This new design represented the US Navys response to Japans Yamato-class of super battleships which commenced construction in 1937.  With the passage of the Two-Ocean Navy Act in July 1940, a total of five Montana-class ships were authorized along with an additional two Iowas.  As a result, hull numbers BB-65 and BB-66 were assigned to the Iowa-class ships USS Illinois and USS Kentucky while the Montanas were renumbered BB-67 to BB-71.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Design Concerned about rumors that the Yamato-class would mount 18 guns, work on the Montana-class design commenced in 1938 with specifications for a battleship of 45,000 tons.  Following early assessments by the Battleship Design Advisory Board, naval architects initially increased the new class displacement to 56,000 tons.  Additionally, the board requested that the new design be 25% stronger offensively and defensively than any existing battleship in the fleet and that it was permissible to exceed the beam restrictions imposed by the Panama Canal to obtain the desired results.  To obtain the additional firepower, designers armed the Montana-class with twelve 16 guns mounted in four three-gun turrets.  This was to be supplemented by a secondary battery of twenty 5/54 cal. guns placed in ten twin turrets.  Designed specifically for the new battleships, this type of 5 gun was intended to replace the existing 5/38 cal. weapons then in use. For protection, the Montana-class possessed a side belt of 16.1 while the armor on the barbettes was 21.3.  The employment of enhanced armor meant that the Montanas would be the only American battleships capable of being protected against the heaviest shells used by its own guns.  In this case, that was the super-heavy 2,700  lb. APC (armor-piercing capped) shells fired by the 16/50 cal. Mark 7 gun.  The increase in armament and armor came at a price as naval architects were required to reduce the class top speed from 33 to 28 knots to accommodate the extra weight.  This meant that the Montana-class would not be able to serve as escorts for the fast Essex-class aircraft carriers or sail in concert with the three preceding classes of American battleships.   Fate The Montana-class design continued to undergo refinements through 1941 and was finally approved in April 1942 with the goal of having the ships operational in the third quarter of 1945.  Despite this, construction was delayed as the shipyards capable of building the vessels were engaged in constructing Iowa- and Essex-class ships.  After the Battle of the Coral Sea the following month, the first battle fought solely by aircraft carriers, the building of the Montana-class was indefinitely suspended as it became increasing clear that battleships would be of secondary importance in the Pacific.  In the wake of the decisive Battle of Midway, the entire Montana-class was canceled in July 1942.  As a result, the Iowa-class battleships were the last battleships to be built by the United States. Intended Ships Yards USS Montana (BB-67): Philadelphia Naval ShipyardUSS Ohio (BB-68): Philadelphia Naval ShipyardUSS Maine (BB-69): New York Naval ShipyardUSS New Hampshire (BB-70): New York Naval ShipyardUSS Louisiana (BB-71): Norfolk Naval Shipyard The cancellation of USS Montana (BB-67) represented the second time a battleship named for the 41st state had been eliminated.  The first was a South Dakota-class (1920) battleship that was dropped due to the Washington Naval Treaty.  As a result, Montana became the only state (of the 48 then in the Union) never to have had a battleship named in its honor. Selected Sources Military Factory: Montana-class BattleshipsGlobal Security: Montana-class Battleships

India and China Overpopulation Essays - 1203 Words

Human population is drastically increasing by the second, with the addition of one billion people every 12 years. Overpopulation creates an abundant amount of issues ranging from environmental and social problems. Nations attaining copious amounts of population introduce a wide array of problems to the world around and such nations. These environmental problems consist of but are not limited to lack of resources such as food and water; which may cause malnutrition in large populations, poor air quality, and overuse of fossil fuels such as petroleum. Social issues that arise from having a superabundant population consist of overcrowding, limits on freedom, and an increased amount of uprising and conflict within the nation itself. China and†¦show more content†¦After several years of neglecting the use of contraceptives and increasing the size of China’s population, the vast population was causing the nation’s food supply to diminish as well as depleting the nati on’s supplies. In 1955, government officials in China launched several campaigns in which they promoted birth control, but their efforts took a step backward with the introduction of the Great Leap Forward, which was Mao Zedong’s attempt to quickly turn China into a far more advanced and industrialized nation. It proved to be destructive, communities collectivized and went from farming to producing steel. This caused food supply to slip behind and by 1962, an enormous famine caused 30 million deaths (4). This caused officials to once again focus on limiting the population growth. The campaigns to limit population growth were once again delayed due to the Cultural Revolution in 1966, but the propaganda campaign began again in 1969. â€Å"Late, Long and Few† was a slogan used throughout the campaign and the limit on population growth proved to be successful. China’s population growth dropped by half from 1970 to 1976 (4). However, the population was levelin g off once again and this caused officials to induce more impactful measures. China’s One-Child Policy has become a successful approach and has slowed population growth drastically. China is the most populated country in the world with a population ofShow MoreRelatedChina And Indi Driving Forces Of Overpopulation712 Words   |  3 PagesEmre Can AydÄ ±n Writing Assignment 104A 03/15/2015 China and India: Driving Forces of Overpopulation According to BBC, India s population reached nearly 1.21bn (India census: population goes up to 1.21bn). China is also has the population of 1.36bn according to Chinese Government (China Statistical Yearbook-2014). That s almost the half of the Earth s population. There are negative outcomes of this situation like poverty, depletion of resources and disturbed cultural structures. ActuallyRead MoreHow Overpopulation Affects Education Being in a classroom full of twenty people is a normal800 Words   |  4 PagesHow Overpopulation Affects Education Being in a classroom full of twenty people is a normal persons day, but being in a room full of seventy people is an example of overpopulation affecting education. Overpopulation in education affects the people and children very much. It affects the kids by the way they are being taught and the distractions around them. The overcrowding in classrooms cause many children to feel more negative. They feel more negative because most kids in a crowded roomRead MoreThe Biggest Crisis We Face Today : Human Overpopulation1218 Words   |  5 PagesCrisis We Face Today: Human Overpopulation There are many causes for overpopulation than just increasing numbers of people. 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AdditionallyRead MoreCompetition for Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century1214 Words   |  5 PagesCompetition for Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century Introduction During the 1960s, dire Malthusian warnings about the impact of overpopulation, consumption and resource depletion caused only a ripple of concern in the international community as the Green Revolution and modern birth control methods and practices appeared to provide a viable solution to these problems. Unfortunately, even though innovations in agricultural practices have increased yields even further than during theRead MoreOverpopulation : A Common Misconception1396 Words   |  6 Pagesforce, which is currently plaguing the planet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fact that, overpopulation is not the primary cause of our modern day predicaments, but is merely a tributary to the actual source. Environmental, economic, agricultural and political factors are some of the main incipient issues, which have thus been ignored, and have resulted in the myth called overpopulation. The negative repercussions of these aspects will be examined, along with a comprehensive study int oRead MoreHuman Overpopulation Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Overpopulation Increasing human overpopulation throughout the world is one of the biggest global issues addressed in the 21st century. This concept negatively affects almost every aspect of society: extinction of plants/animals or habitats, over use of natural resources, climate change, and other environmental problems (â€Å"As World’s Human†). This continual predicament needs to be corrected by intensified human productive abilities and a global law that will stimulate positive outcomes across

Twelfth Night by Trevor Nunn (Screen Play) - 1687 Words

Title: Twelfth Night Director: Trevor Nunn Writer: William Shakespeare and Trevor Nunn (screen play) Genres: Romance, Comedy, Drama Runtime: 2hr 14min (134min) Sound Mix: Doubly Colour: Metrocolour Cinematographic: Spherical Budget: 5,000,000.00 (Estimated) Filming Locations: Cotehele House, St. Dominick, Cornwall, England, UK (Quayside tavern/interior of Orsino’s castle) Lanhydrock House, Bodmin, Cornwall, England, UK(Olivia’s house and garden) Mount Edgcumbe House, Cremyll, Cornwall, England, UK Prideaux Place, Padstow, Cornwall, England, UK St. Michael’s Mount, Marazion, Cornwall, England, UK Trebarwith Strand, Cornwall, England, UK Music: O Mistress Mine (music by Shaun Davey, words by William Shakespeare, sung by Ben Kingsley) Heigh-Ho, The Wind and the Rain (music by Shaun Davey, words by William Shakespeare, sung by Bens Kinsley) Main Characters: Helena Bonham Carter (Olivia), Richard E. Grant (Sir Andrew Aguecheek), Nigel Hawthorne (Malvolio), Ben Kingsley (Feste), Mel Smith (Sir Toby Belch), Imelda Staunton (Maria), Toby Stephens (Orsino), Imogen Stubbs (Viola) and Stephen Mackintosh (Sebastian). â€Å"Twelfth Night is an amusing and entertaining comedy of romance and gender confusion which creates a love triangle out of mistaken sexual identities. The period has been moved up to the early 19thShow MoreRelatedEssay about Film Versions of Shakespeare Comedies2208 Words   |  9 PagesFilm Versions of Shakespeare Comedies Shakespearean plays are complex, intricate pieces of work in which a diverse range of interpretations and readings can be made. This is particularly true of his comedies, where the light-hearted humour is often offset by darker, more serious undertones. In adapting these comedies it is for the director – in the cinematic context – to decide how to interpret the play and which elements are privileged and which are suppressed. This variance in interpretation

Strategic Business Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Business Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary. Answer: Introduction: In the context of auditing, the inherent risk implies a risk of misstatement in the financial statement without taking into account the controls. The entity lay down the controls on various business processes to reduce the risk of misstatement in the financial statements, which are not considered by the auditor at the time preliminary assessment of the audit risk (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). This preliminary assessment of the audit risk is known as inherent risk. The assessment of the inherent risk is made at the financial report level and at the particular account balance level. The assessment of inherent risk at the financial report level takes into account the broad view as to what could go wrong at the higher management level in finalising the financial statements (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). There are various factors that affect the assessment of the inherent risk at the financial report level as discussed below: Integrity of the Management The managements integrity is crucial matter for the organisations reputation. If the management of an organisation is dishonest, the auditor is likely to assess the inherent risk high (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). On the other hand, if the management is integrate; the auditor would assess the inherent risk low considering less possibility of manipulation in the financial statements. Thus, the lack integrity of the management would increase the risk of misstatements in the financial statements. The Experience and Knowledge of the Board of Directors The experience and knowledge possessed by the board of directors of a company is another factor that contributes to the assessment of the inherent risk at the financial statement level (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). The auditor need to give due consideration to the experience and knowledge level of the board of directors of the company, the supreme management authority, while assessing the inherent risk at the financial report level. This is because the inexperienced people or novices in the board can easily be caught up by the swindlers. Thus, if the people in the board of directors are inexperienced or lacks in knowledge, it is more likely that the auditor assesses the inherent risk high than usual (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). Changes in the Composition of the Board of Directors This is perhaps the most crucial factor that the auditor is required to take into account while assessing the inherent risk. A substantial and sudden change in the composition of the board of directors is an indication of something wrong in the entity. Thus, if the auditor, prior to conduct the audit, comes across of any substantial change in the board in the recent years, the inherent risk should be assessed high (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Nature of Business and Industry Conditions The nature of business could also affect the assessment of the inherent risk. For example, a new venture with different business processes like internet companies are more prone to the inherent risk. Further, the industry conditions such as increase in the competition in the market could create usual pressure on the management. The management may tempt to manipulate the financial statements and window dressing to impress the investors in such situations (Young, 2003). Political and Regulatory Environment The political and regulatory together affect the assessment of the inherent risk. For example, the changes in the regulatory regime in the telecom sector in Australia affected the entire industry. Thus, the changes in the regulations, which are likely to have adverse impact on the business of the company, also enhance the degree of inherent risk (Young, 2003). The strategic business risk assessment is the process of identifying the circumstances that could lead to potential hazard to the business and providing for the safeguard against those circumstances. In the present scenario, the organisations are adopting very comprehensively risk assessment mechanism that takes into account the internal as well as external risk factors (Fraser and Simkins, 2009). The internal risk factors cover the circumstances related to the internal processes and business environment of the company. Further, the external factors relate to the environment outside the company, for example, the political conditions, regulations, and geographical conditions. Among the above discussed risk factors, the factors pertaining to the management and nature of business are could be identified during internal risk assessment. Further, the risk factors pertaining to the political and regulatory environment are likely to be identified during the external risk assessment (Curtis and Cary, 2012). Factors of Inherent Risk Assessment at the Account Balance Level The auditor is required to maintain highest level of quality in auditing and assurance services. In order to maintain the highest level of quality, the auditor should assess the risk material of misstatements, which includes the inherent risk, at the accounts balance level (Puncel, 2007). The risk of material misstatement at the account balance level is about confirming that the account balances shown in the financial statements are true and correct. Thus, the auditor is required to verify various assertions in respect of the account balances and classes of transactions. Such assertions are existence, occurrence, completeness, and classifications of the transactions and account balances. In verifying these assertions, the auditor should pay due regard to various risk factors as discussed below: Complexity of Transactions The auditor may observe the financial transactions a little bit complex in the special nature business entities as compared to the normal business entities. In the fast developing business environment, it is possible that an entity may have the special financial arrangements making it really difficult for the auditor to evaluate their impact on the financial statements. Thus, the auditor should have due regard to the level of complexity of the transactions (AU Section 312, 2006). The higher the level of complexity adjudged by the auditor higher will be the assessment of inherent risk. Accounting System The accounting system employed by the entity is also a major factor in assessing the inherent risk at the account balance level. In this regard, the auditor should verify that whether the entity has accounting system in place that commensurate with its size and the nature of business. If the accounting system does not commensurate with the size of the entity and nature of its business; the auditor should assess the inherent risk high (AU Section 312, 2006). Subjectivity Involved in Accounting The accounting transactions and balances that involve managements judgment are more prone to misstatement. The accounting transactions such as determination of the useful life of the depreciable assets and selecting the method of depreciation depend upon the managements judgment. The more there is scope for management judgment, the more will be the inherent risk assessed by the auditor (AU Section 312, 2006). Susceptibility of Misappropriation The auditor should cover here the factors such as skills of the staff, instances of circumvention of the authorities in the past, and the overall structure of the concern. Considering these all factors if the susceptibility of misappropriation is higher, the inherent risk should be assessed as high (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Cut off Transactions The cut off transactions refers to the transactions occurring at the end of the accounting period. The auditor should pay attention to the past records and also refer to the previous audit reports to identify the volume and the nature of transaction that occurred at the end of the accounting period (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Assessment of Going Concern The financial statements of an entity are prepared based on the fundamental accounting assumption of going concern (IAS 570, 2016). The assumption of going concern implies that the financial position of the company appears adequate and the entity is not going to liquidate its assets in the near future. The management of the company has to explicitly state that the financial statements have been prepared on the basis of going concern assumption and the role of the auditor is to verify the appropriateness of this statement of the management. In verifying the appropriateness of the managements statement the auditor should take in to account the significant events and transactions that impair the ability of the organization to continue as a going concern (IAS 570, 2016). Based on the analysis of the significant events and transactions, the auditor should assess the risk of going concern as high, low, or medium. The assessment of the risk pertaining to the going concern is crucial in drawing audit opinion, thus, the auditor should maintain professional skepticism while verifying the appropriateness of the going concern assumption (Dagwell, Wines, and Lambert, 2011). The auditor should consider the following events or transactions while verifying the appropriateness of the going concern assumption: Financial Events The auditor should be alert while verifying some of the important items of the financial statements such as net worth, debt liability, and operating cash flows. Further, the key financial ratios such as debt equity ratio and current ratio also need to be considered by the auditor. The events such as negative net worth, negative operating cash flows, adverse debt equity ratio and current ratio increases the risk of going concern (Flood, 2014). Non Financial Further, the non financial conditions such as managements intention to liquidate the business operations in the near future, key changes in the management, and loss of major market share also contributes the risk of going concern. Further, the other events such as major non compliances with the laws and regulations, major change in the laws, and emergence of the highly successful competitors in the market also increases the risk of going concern. Therefore, the auditor should be updated with the legal and regulatory environment in which the company operates (Kan, 2013). Assessment of Going Concern Risk of OneTel The going concern risk in respect of OneTel has been assessed as high based on the identification and analysis of the following events: OneTels major operations are in Australia as depicted from the fact that 64% of the worldwide revenues come from Australia (OneTel Case, 2001). Therefore, it is essential to analyze the prevailing conditions in the Australian telecommunication industry. In this regard, it has been observed that competition is increasing rapidly and the revenues of the existing telecom companies like OneTel are decreasing. Further, there have been changes in the industry regulations in respect of licensing arrangement, which are also affecting the existing companies adversely. These adverse changes in the market regulations and sudden increase in the competition can be perceived to be increasing the going concern risk of OneTel. OneTel incurred huge operating losses amounting to $262.40 million in the financial year 2000 (OneTel Case, 2001). The financial performance of the company went down drastically in the year 2000, which casts significant doubt on the going concern. Further, due to losses being incurred by the company, the dividend paid out to the shareholders also went down to $0.10 million from $3 million (OneTel Case, 2001). This reduction in the dividend also contributes to the risk of going concern. The payment to suppliers was $328.10 million in the year 1999, which increased sharply to $684.80 million in the year 2000 (OneTel Case, 2001). The sharp increase in the payment to suppliers shows that the suppliers have discontinued giving material on credit to the company. The shift from the suppliers from credit to cash based delivery of material shows the reduction in their confidence in the company. The lost confidence of the suppliers enhances the risk of going concern. The operating cash flows of the company have gone negative. The company is facing negative operating cash flows since last two years. Further, in order to maintain liquidity, the company has borrowed a significant amount in the current year. Further, the total debt of the company has reached to $490.70 million in the year 2000 from $163 million in the year 1999 (OneTel Case, 2001). The significant increase in the debt and negative cash flows from operations indicates high risk of going concern. References AU Section 312. 2006. Audit risk and materiality in conducting an audit. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/AuditAttest/DownloadableDocuments/AU-00312.pdf [Accessed on: 06 September 2016]. Curtis, P. and Cary, M. 2012. Risk Assessment in Practice. [Online]. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Governance-Risk-Compliance/dttl-grc-riskassessmentinpractice.pdf [Accessed on: 06 September 2016]. Dagwell, R., Wines, W., and Lambert, C. 2011. Corporate Accounting in Australia. Pearson Higher Education AU. Delaney, P.R. and Whittington, O.R. 2012. Wiley CPA examination review, outlines and study guides. John Wiley Sons. Flood, J.M. 2014. Wiley GAAP 2015: interpretation and application of generally accepted accounting principles 2015. John Wiley Sons. Fraser, J. and Simkins, B. 2009. Enterprise risk management: today's leading research and best practices for tomorrow's executives. John Wiley Sons. IAS 570. 2016. International standard on auditing 570 (revised) going concern. [Online]. Available at: https://www.nba.nl/Documents/Wet-%20en%20Regelgeving/Adviescollege%20voor%20Beroepsreglementering/naar%20een%20uitgebreide%20controleverklaring/ISA%20570%20(Revised).pdf [Accessed on: 06 September 2016]. Johnstone, K., Gramling, A., and Rittenberg, L.E. 2015. Auditing: a risk based-approach to conducting a quality audit. Cengage Learning. Johnstone, K., Gramling, A., and Rittenberg, L.E. 2015. Auditing: a risk based-approach to conducting a quality audit. Cengage Learning. Kan, E. 2013. Audit and assurance - principles and practices in Singapore (3rd edition). CCH Asia Pte Ltd. OneTel Case. 2001. Strategic Business Risk Assessment, Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary Going Concern Assessment. Puncel, L. 2007. Audit Procedures 2008. CCH. Young, M.R. 2003. Financial reporting handbook. Aspen Publishers Online.

The protection and support of children free essay sample

This applies to challenging behavior due to the fact it focuses on the protection and support of children. An example of this could be Article 18 (parental responsibilities and state assistance) This articles states that it is the parents responsibility to make sure that they always consider what is best for their child and the government should help them by creating support services for the child and giving a hand to parents in need. Article 39 (recovery from trauma and reintegration) One of the reasons for challenging behavior could be some past experiences. This article states that children who have experienced trauma or things like that should get special support in order for them to recover. The Childrens act This Act aims to encourage childrens wellbeing by improving effective local workings; it focuses on childrens health, safety, achievements etc. This act applies to challenging behavior due to the fact that it is put in place to observe the child/ children and to resolve any issues/problems as soon as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on The protection and support of children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well as that, it encourages children to be safe and achieve more i. E. Schools, teachers have to ensure that they give the child full help/ support in order for the child to achieve hes potentials and also for the safety of other students Every Child Matters This legislation links with the Childrens Act. It is put in place in order to ensure that children who are at risk of harm or neglect are protected and encourages children to gain their full potentials. Every Child Matters tries to promote safety i. E. By reducing crime and educational failure etc.