India and China Overpopulation Essays - 1203 Words

Human population is drastically increasing by the second, with the addition of one billion people every 12 years. Overpopulation creates an abundant amount of issues ranging from environmental and social problems. Nations attaining copious amounts of population introduce a wide array of problems to the world around and such nations. These environmental problems consist of but are not limited to lack of resources such as food and water; which may cause malnutrition in large populations, poor air quality, and overuse of fossil fuels such as petroleum. Social issues that arise from having a superabundant population consist of overcrowding, limits on freedom, and an increased amount of uprising and conflict within the nation itself. China and†¦show more content†¦After several years of neglecting the use of contraceptives and increasing the size of China’s population, the vast population was causing the nation’s food supply to diminish as well as depleting the nati on’s supplies. In 1955, government officials in China launched several campaigns in which they promoted birth control, but their efforts took a step backward with the introduction of the Great Leap Forward, which was Mao Zedong’s attempt to quickly turn China into a far more advanced and industrialized nation. It proved to be destructive, communities collectivized and went from farming to producing steel. This caused food supply to slip behind and by 1962, an enormous famine caused 30 million deaths (4). This caused officials to once again focus on limiting the population growth. The campaigns to limit population growth were once again delayed due to the Cultural Revolution in 1966, but the propaganda campaign began again in 1969. â€Å"Late, Long and Few† was a slogan used throughout the campaign and the limit on population growth proved to be successful. China’s population growth dropped by half from 1970 to 1976 (4). However, the population was levelin g off once again and this caused officials to induce more impactful measures. China’s One-Child Policy has become a successful approach and has slowed population growth drastically. China is the most populated country in the world with a population ofShow MoreRelatedChina And Indi Driving Forces Of Overpopulation712 Words   |  3 PagesEmre Can AydÄ ±n Writing Assignment 104A 03/15/2015 China and India: Driving Forces of Overpopulation According to BBC, India s population reached nearly 1.21bn (India census: population goes up to 1.21bn). China is also has the population of 1.36bn according to Chinese Government (China Statistical Yearbook-2014). That s almost the half of the Earth s population. There are negative outcomes of this situation like poverty, depletion of resources and disturbed cultural structures. ActuallyRead MoreHow Overpopulation Affects Education Being in a classroom full of twenty people is a normal800 Words   |  4 PagesHow Overpopulation Affects Education Being in a classroom full of twenty people is a normal persons day, but being in a room full of seventy people is an example of overpopulation affecting education. Overpopulation in education affects the people and children very much. It affects the kids by the way they are being taught and the distractions around them. The overcrowding in classrooms cause many children to feel more negative. They feel more negative because most kids in a crowded roomRead MoreThe Biggest Crisis We Face Today : Human Overpopulation1218 Words   |  5 PagesCrisis We Face Today: Human Overpopulation There are many causes for overpopulation than just increasing numbers of people. Modern technology, improved medicine, more opportunities to get out of poverty, low fatality rates, immigration, and the lack of family planning (Rinkesh); all lead to overpopulation. Earth is home to 7.2 billion people. A research of 2015 (infoplease) shows that most of the world s population lies with the two largest countries in Asia: China and India. As of the last study ofRead MoreOverpopulation and Over- Consumption in India Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesCurrently, the population of India is at a formidable amount of 1.27 billion and estimated to have 1.6 billion people by 2050. What will happen if countries like India keep growing? This issue is known as overpopulation. Overpopulation has become a very prevalent topic in the last ten years and if not controlled, it could affect all countries on earth. Although overpopulation appears to be an insuppressible issue, there are some different ideas and methods that have been used to help this problemRead MoreCompare and contrast India and Chinas population1547 Words   |  7 PagesChina and India are the two countries that have the highest population in the world. Both countries have realised that family plann ing and population control had to happen around the 1950s for India and the 1970s for China. This essay will seek to compare and contrast China and India, focusing on what the major problems facing both are, why have they both had to implement policies regarding population control, and the long-term and short-term effects that these policies have on the two countriesRead MoreWe Can Stop Overpopulation Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesOverpopulation is when the demand of humans is too high for the supply of the earth. Many people do not consider this a threat or have even considered it. Many scientists believe that the world can hold up to 10 billion people which will be in the next 100 years. (Wolchover, 4) Will you or even your children be alive? To many of you the answer is yes. If the world’s fertility rate is above 2.1 children per woman then it is something we need to be conscious about. We can look at the history, presentRead MoreEffects Of Overpopulation923 Words   |à ‚  4 PagesMalthusian focuses on bringing importance to the issue of overpopulation and how it strains many aspects of our lives such as the environment, and economy. Therefore, Thomas Robert Malthus’ theory of overpopulation is a prime example of the dangers overpopulation can have on our planet if there are no measures taken to ensure that there will be a sustainable future. For instance, we are going through a crisis in many parts of the world where overpopulation is an issue and is resulting in poverty. AdditionallyRead MoreCompetition for Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century1214 Words   |  5 PagesCompetition for Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century Introduction During the 1960s, dire Malthusian warnings about the impact of overpopulation, consumption and resource depletion caused only a ripple of concern in the international community as the Green Revolution and modern birth control methods and practices appeared to provide a viable solution to these problems. Unfortunately, even though innovations in agricultural practices have increased yields even further than during theRead MoreOverpopulation : A Common Misconception1396 Words   |  6 Pagesforce, which is currently plaguing the planet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fact that, overpopulation is not the primary cause of our modern day predicaments, but is merely a tributary to the actual source. Environmental, economic, agricultural and political factors are some of the main incipient issues, which have thus been ignored, and have resulted in the myth called overpopulation. The negative repercussions of these aspects will be examined, along with a comprehensive study int oRead MoreHuman Overpopulation Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Overpopulation Increasing human overpopulation throughout the world is one of the biggest global issues addressed in the 21st century. This concept negatively affects almost every aspect of society: extinction of plants/animals or habitats, over use of natural resources, climate change, and other environmental problems (â€Å"As World’s Human†). This continual predicament needs to be corrected by intensified human productive abilities and a global law that will stimulate positive outcomes across

Twelfth Night by Trevor Nunn (Screen Play) - 1687 Words

Title: Twelfth Night Director: Trevor Nunn Writer: William Shakespeare and Trevor Nunn (screen play) Genres: Romance, Comedy, Drama Runtime: 2hr 14min (134min) Sound Mix: Doubly Colour: Metrocolour Cinematographic: Spherical Budget: 5,000,000.00 (Estimated) Filming Locations: Cotehele House, St. Dominick, Cornwall, England, UK (Quayside tavern/interior of Orsino’s castle) Lanhydrock House, Bodmin, Cornwall, England, UK(Olivia’s house and garden) Mount Edgcumbe House, Cremyll, Cornwall, England, UK Prideaux Place, Padstow, Cornwall, England, UK St. Michael’s Mount, Marazion, Cornwall, England, UK Trebarwith Strand, Cornwall, England, UK Music: O Mistress Mine (music by Shaun Davey, words by William Shakespeare, sung by Ben Kingsley) Heigh-Ho, The Wind and the Rain (music by Shaun Davey, words by William Shakespeare, sung by Bens Kinsley) Main Characters: Helena Bonham Carter (Olivia), Richard E. Grant (Sir Andrew Aguecheek), Nigel Hawthorne (Malvolio), Ben Kingsley (Feste), Mel Smith (Sir Toby Belch), Imelda Staunton (Maria), Toby Stephens (Orsino), Imogen Stubbs (Viola) and Stephen Mackintosh (Sebastian). â€Å"Twelfth Night is an amusing and entertaining comedy of romance and gender confusion which creates a love triangle out of mistaken sexual identities. The period has been moved up to the early 19thShow MoreRelatedEssay about Film Versions of Shakespeare Comedies2208 Words   |  9 PagesFilm Versions of Shakespeare Comedies Shakespearean plays are complex, intricate pieces of work in which a diverse range of interpretations and readings can be made. This is particularly true of his comedies, where the light-hearted humour is often offset by darker, more serious undertones. In adapting these comedies it is for the director – in the cinematic context – to decide how to interpret the play and which elements are privileged and which are suppressed. This variance in interpretation

Strategic Business Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Business Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary. Answer: Introduction: In the context of auditing, the inherent risk implies a risk of misstatement in the financial statement without taking into account the controls. The entity lay down the controls on various business processes to reduce the risk of misstatement in the financial statements, which are not considered by the auditor at the time preliminary assessment of the audit risk (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). This preliminary assessment of the audit risk is known as inherent risk. The assessment of the inherent risk is made at the financial report level and at the particular account balance level. The assessment of inherent risk at the financial report level takes into account the broad view as to what could go wrong at the higher management level in finalising the financial statements (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). There are various factors that affect the assessment of the inherent risk at the financial report level as discussed below: Integrity of the Management The managements integrity is crucial matter for the organisations reputation. If the management of an organisation is dishonest, the auditor is likely to assess the inherent risk high (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). On the other hand, if the management is integrate; the auditor would assess the inherent risk low considering less possibility of manipulation in the financial statements. Thus, the lack integrity of the management would increase the risk of misstatements in the financial statements. The Experience and Knowledge of the Board of Directors The experience and knowledge possessed by the board of directors of a company is another factor that contributes to the assessment of the inherent risk at the financial statement level (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). The auditor need to give due consideration to the experience and knowledge level of the board of directors of the company, the supreme management authority, while assessing the inherent risk at the financial report level. This is because the inexperienced people or novices in the board can easily be caught up by the swindlers. Thus, if the people in the board of directors are inexperienced or lacks in knowledge, it is more likely that the auditor assesses the inherent risk high than usual (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). Changes in the Composition of the Board of Directors This is perhaps the most crucial factor that the auditor is required to take into account while assessing the inherent risk. A substantial and sudden change in the composition of the board of directors is an indication of something wrong in the entity. Thus, if the auditor, prior to conduct the audit, comes across of any substantial change in the board in the recent years, the inherent risk should be assessed high (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Nature of Business and Industry Conditions The nature of business could also affect the assessment of the inherent risk. For example, a new venture with different business processes like internet companies are more prone to the inherent risk. Further, the industry conditions such as increase in the competition in the market could create usual pressure on the management. The management may tempt to manipulate the financial statements and window dressing to impress the investors in such situations (Young, 2003). Political and Regulatory Environment The political and regulatory together affect the assessment of the inherent risk. For example, the changes in the regulatory regime in the telecom sector in Australia affected the entire industry. Thus, the changes in the regulations, which are likely to have adverse impact on the business of the company, also enhance the degree of inherent risk (Young, 2003). The strategic business risk assessment is the process of identifying the circumstances that could lead to potential hazard to the business and providing for the safeguard against those circumstances. In the present scenario, the organisations are adopting very comprehensively risk assessment mechanism that takes into account the internal as well as external risk factors (Fraser and Simkins, 2009). The internal risk factors cover the circumstances related to the internal processes and business environment of the company. Further, the external factors relate to the environment outside the company, for example, the political conditions, regulations, and geographical conditions. Among the above discussed risk factors, the factors pertaining to the management and nature of business are could be identified during internal risk assessment. Further, the risk factors pertaining to the political and regulatory environment are likely to be identified during the external risk assessment (Curtis and Cary, 2012). Factors of Inherent Risk Assessment at the Account Balance Level The auditor is required to maintain highest level of quality in auditing and assurance services. In order to maintain the highest level of quality, the auditor should assess the risk material of misstatements, which includes the inherent risk, at the accounts balance level (Puncel, 2007). The risk of material misstatement at the account balance level is about confirming that the account balances shown in the financial statements are true and correct. Thus, the auditor is required to verify various assertions in respect of the account balances and classes of transactions. Such assertions are existence, occurrence, completeness, and classifications of the transactions and account balances. In verifying these assertions, the auditor should pay due regard to various risk factors as discussed below: Complexity of Transactions The auditor may observe the financial transactions a little bit complex in the special nature business entities as compared to the normal business entities. In the fast developing business environment, it is possible that an entity may have the special financial arrangements making it really difficult for the auditor to evaluate their impact on the financial statements. Thus, the auditor should have due regard to the level of complexity of the transactions (AU Section 312, 2006). The higher the level of complexity adjudged by the auditor higher will be the assessment of inherent risk. Accounting System The accounting system employed by the entity is also a major factor in assessing the inherent risk at the account balance level. In this regard, the auditor should verify that whether the entity has accounting system in place that commensurate with its size and the nature of business. If the accounting system does not commensurate with the size of the entity and nature of its business; the auditor should assess the inherent risk high (AU Section 312, 2006). Subjectivity Involved in Accounting The accounting transactions and balances that involve managements judgment are more prone to misstatement. The accounting transactions such as determination of the useful life of the depreciable assets and selecting the method of depreciation depend upon the managements judgment. The more there is scope for management judgment, the more will be the inherent risk assessed by the auditor (AU Section 312, 2006). Susceptibility of Misappropriation The auditor should cover here the factors such as skills of the staff, instances of circumvention of the authorities in the past, and the overall structure of the concern. Considering these all factors if the susceptibility of misappropriation is higher, the inherent risk should be assessed as high (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Cut off Transactions The cut off transactions refers to the transactions occurring at the end of the accounting period. The auditor should pay attention to the past records and also refer to the previous audit reports to identify the volume and the nature of transaction that occurred at the end of the accounting period (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Assessment of Going Concern The financial statements of an entity are prepared based on the fundamental accounting assumption of going concern (IAS 570, 2016). The assumption of going concern implies that the financial position of the company appears adequate and the entity is not going to liquidate its assets in the near future. The management of the company has to explicitly state that the financial statements have been prepared on the basis of going concern assumption and the role of the auditor is to verify the appropriateness of this statement of the management. In verifying the appropriateness of the managements statement the auditor should take in to account the significant events and transactions that impair the ability of the organization to continue as a going concern (IAS 570, 2016). Based on the analysis of the significant events and transactions, the auditor should assess the risk of going concern as high, low, or medium. The assessment of the risk pertaining to the going concern is crucial in drawing audit opinion, thus, the auditor should maintain professional skepticism while verifying the appropriateness of the going concern assumption (Dagwell, Wines, and Lambert, 2011). The auditor should consider the following events or transactions while verifying the appropriateness of the going concern assumption: Financial Events The auditor should be alert while verifying some of the important items of the financial statements such as net worth, debt liability, and operating cash flows. Further, the key financial ratios such as debt equity ratio and current ratio also need to be considered by the auditor. The events such as negative net worth, negative operating cash flows, adverse debt equity ratio and current ratio increases the risk of going concern (Flood, 2014). Non Financial Further, the non financial conditions such as managements intention to liquidate the business operations in the near future, key changes in the management, and loss of major market share also contributes the risk of going concern. Further, the other events such as major non compliances with the laws and regulations, major change in the laws, and emergence of the highly successful competitors in the market also increases the risk of going concern. Therefore, the auditor should be updated with the legal and regulatory environment in which the company operates (Kan, 2013). Assessment of Going Concern Risk of OneTel The going concern risk in respect of OneTel has been assessed as high based on the identification and analysis of the following events: OneTels major operations are in Australia as depicted from the fact that 64% of the worldwide revenues come from Australia (OneTel Case, 2001). Therefore, it is essential to analyze the prevailing conditions in the Australian telecommunication industry. In this regard, it has been observed that competition is increasing rapidly and the revenues of the existing telecom companies like OneTel are decreasing. Further, there have been changes in the industry regulations in respect of licensing arrangement, which are also affecting the existing companies adversely. These adverse changes in the market regulations and sudden increase in the competition can be perceived to be increasing the going concern risk of OneTel. OneTel incurred huge operating losses amounting to $262.40 million in the financial year 2000 (OneTel Case, 2001). The financial performance of the company went down drastically in the year 2000, which casts significant doubt on the going concern. Further, due to losses being incurred by the company, the dividend paid out to the shareholders also went down to $0.10 million from $3 million (OneTel Case, 2001). This reduction in the dividend also contributes to the risk of going concern. The payment to suppliers was $328.10 million in the year 1999, which increased sharply to $684.80 million in the year 2000 (OneTel Case, 2001). The sharp increase in the payment to suppliers shows that the suppliers have discontinued giving material on credit to the company. The shift from the suppliers from credit to cash based delivery of material shows the reduction in their confidence in the company. The lost confidence of the suppliers enhances the risk of going concern. The operating cash flows of the company have gone negative. The company is facing negative operating cash flows since last two years. Further, in order to maintain liquidity, the company has borrowed a significant amount in the current year. Further, the total debt of the company has reached to $490.70 million in the year 2000 from $163 million in the year 1999 (OneTel Case, 2001). The significant increase in the debt and negative cash flows from operations indicates high risk of going concern. References AU Section 312. 2006. Audit risk and materiality in conducting an audit. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/AuditAttest/DownloadableDocuments/AU-00312.pdf [Accessed on: 06 September 2016]. Curtis, P. and Cary, M. 2012. Risk Assessment in Practice. [Online]. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/Governance-Risk-Compliance/dttl-grc-riskassessmentinpractice.pdf [Accessed on: 06 September 2016]. Dagwell, R., Wines, W., and Lambert, C. 2011. Corporate Accounting in Australia. Pearson Higher Education AU. Delaney, P.R. and Whittington, O.R. 2012. Wiley CPA examination review, outlines and study guides. John Wiley Sons. Flood, J.M. 2014. Wiley GAAP 2015: interpretation and application of generally accepted accounting principles 2015. John Wiley Sons. Fraser, J. and Simkins, B. 2009. Enterprise risk management: today's leading research and best practices for tomorrow's executives. John Wiley Sons. IAS 570. 2016. International standard on auditing 570 (revised) going concern. [Online]. Available at: https://www.nba.nl/Documents/Wet-%20en%20Regelgeving/Adviescollege%20voor%20Beroepsreglementering/naar%20een%20uitgebreide%20controleverklaring/ISA%20570%20(Revised).pdf [Accessed on: 06 September 2016]. Johnstone, K., Gramling, A., and Rittenberg, L.E. 2015. Auditing: a risk based-approach to conducting a quality audit. Cengage Learning. Johnstone, K., Gramling, A., and Rittenberg, L.E. 2015. Auditing: a risk based-approach to conducting a quality audit. Cengage Learning. Kan, E. 2013. Audit and assurance - principles and practices in Singapore (3rd edition). CCH Asia Pte Ltd. OneTel Case. 2001. Strategic Business Risk Assessment, Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary Going Concern Assessment. Puncel, L. 2007. Audit Procedures 2008. CCH. Young, M.R. 2003. Financial reporting handbook. Aspen Publishers Online.

The protection and support of children free essay sample

This applies to challenging behavior due to the fact it focuses on the protection and support of children. An example of this could be Article 18 (parental responsibilities and state assistance) This articles states that it is the parents responsibility to make sure that they always consider what is best for their child and the government should help them by creating support services for the child and giving a hand to parents in need. Article 39 (recovery from trauma and reintegration) One of the reasons for challenging behavior could be some past experiences. This article states that children who have experienced trauma or things like that should get special support in order for them to recover. The Childrens act This Act aims to encourage childrens wellbeing by improving effective local workings; it focuses on childrens health, safety, achievements etc. This act applies to challenging behavior due to the fact that it is put in place to observe the child/ children and to resolve any issues/problems as soon as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on The protection and support of children or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As well as that, it encourages children to be safe and achieve more i. E. Schools, teachers have to ensure that they give the child full help/ support in order for the child to achieve hes potentials and also for the safety of other students Every Child Matters This legislation links with the Childrens Act. It is put in place in order to ensure that children who are at risk of harm or neglect are protected and encourages children to gain their full potentials. Every Child Matters tries to promote safety i. E. By reducing crime and educational failure etc.

FaceBook Essay Example

FaceBook Essay Example FaceBook Essay FaceBook Essay However, in this day and age, social media has aided in the lack of personal contact the public has with each other, resulting in poor communication skills. Nowadays when you think of communicating with loved ones, there is the phone, mail, face to face contact and Faceable. This social media website has opened doors to long distance communication. If your friend in California posts a picture, you see it right away instead of waiting for the mail service to deliver it days later. Many some that offer exclusive Faceable Discounts. Another great feature is the reminders of birthdays and events, such as a baby shower or Marci Grass party. Its great to invite everyone at once and get a response from each on one page. According to Mikado et al. , (2010), the argument is that online communication may help adjustment because young people can use online communication as yet another place to interact with existing friends and meet others. Communication on the internet and face to face are two different behaviors, but how do you know when the line is crossed? Faceable and Communication 3 Michael Bogeyman, the President of RPR Solutions published an article that says many people feel that Faceable can cause increased antisocial tendencies, because people are not directly communicating with each other. Especially in teens and young adults, there is an obsession of Facilitating others profiles instead of using face to face communication. There seems to be a lacking verbal communication trend, also. Many teenagers and adults speak to each other like they are typing something. Lol and OMG are some of the examples of the modernized language. Unfortunately, impel spelling is being forgotten. We send our children to kindergarten to learn how to spell and by 12-14, they are spelling you as U, your as our and are is r. There are tons of abbreviations to words on Faceable. It is like a new language has been created. Due to this spelling issue, many children are getting lower grades in school. According to the United Kingdom news site, Telegraph. Co. UK, teachers believe that abbreviations used on Faceable, Twitter, etc. Are making their way onto students homework, tests and write ups and its hurting their grades. A lot of real life communication is based on verbal acts and body language. Many students and their peers are losing the ability to socially interact, face to face. Pretty soon, they will not be able to read others body languages. Faceable started out as a website dedicated to student to student interaction. It has become such a distraction to students social lives. Also, 4 a lot of students are potentially getting poor grades due to multitasking, trying to study while Beckoning. Future employers will be witnesses to employees who do not know how to communicate successfully. They will not be able to hold a conversation, make eye contact, etc. There are movies made that are based in the future and it shows everyone sitting in front of a computer, with computerized clones running around. That is a scary yet realistic future if we dont step back and realize that social media is hurting us. In conclusion, Faceable has its pros and cons. However, when it comes to communication skills, there are more cons. Verbal and non verbal communication are lacking, in the real world. Many people dont go out for coffee with friends; they hose to interact over the internet instead.

How to Use a Volumetric Flask

How to Use a Volumetric Flask A volumetric flask is a piece of laboratory glassware that is used to prepare and measure chemical solutions. It is used to make up a solution to a known volume. Volumetric flasks measure volumes much more precisely than beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks. How to Recognize a Volumetric Flask A volumetric flask is characterized by a bulb and a long neck. Most volumetric flasks have flattened bottoms so that they can be placed on a lab bench or other surface, though some volumetric flasks have rounded bottoms and must be handled with special protective equipment. How to Use a Volumetric Flask To prepare a solution in a volumetric flask, follow these steps: Measure and add the solute for the solution.Add enough solvent to dissolve the solute.Continue to add solvent until you near the line marked on the volumetric flask.Use a pipette or dropper to fill the volumetric flask, using the meniscus of the solution and the line on the flask to determine your endpoint.Seal the volumetric flask and invert it to thoroughly mix the solution.

The Major Effects of the Recent Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami on the Essay

The Major Effects of the Recent Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami on the Wold Economy - Essay Example This study aims at gaining insights into the impacts of Japanese tsunami and earthquake upon the global economy especially the East Asia (Isidore, 2011). The Main Focus It is noted that Japan was facing certain kinds of structural pressures before the earthquake and the tsunami took place. The main problem with the country was related to the ageing workforce and the nonexistence of the immigration of the workers for long-term. It is the workforce growth that can lead to the economic growth of the country and thus Japan was facing the problem of slow growth potential in the near future. The country also is also facing the burden of heavy public debt in the industrial world. The immediate recovery of Japan after such disaster took place has been an issue of concern. However, it can be noted that Japan has been one of the wealthiest countries; moreover, the country’s government along with the households and the businesses have the necessary resources to rebuild and thus recover f rom such disasters. In the country of Japan, since the nuclear plant was damaged to a great extent, therefore it was expected that the transportation system, as well as the infrastructure, would interrupt the flow of the gasoline, oil, water and other inputs into the process of production. When such disruption takes place, then it affects the other industries such as manufacturing and services as well. It was further expected that the economy of Japan in the second quarter of 2011 would contract. However, it was further predicted that the country’s situation would show certain improvements in the third and the fourth quarter of the year 2011 because of the restructuring efforts made by the government through its spending (Beckman, 2011). The above paragraph has been related to the impact of the Japanese earthquake and tsunami on the country of Japan. However, now it is quite significant to understand the impact of such disasters on the overall world economy. 7 percent of the world’s output is contributed by Japan. However, the main point to be noted in this regard is that its contribution towards the growth of the overall economy has been quite less. The reason behind this is that of the trade surpluses in Japan. It has been expected by the analysts that the global economy would surely expand at a rapid pace by more than 3 percent in 2011. When the broad global (Gross Domestic Product) GDP is taken into consideration, then it can be mentioned that the effects of such disasters seem to be minimum. However, some of the countries may face the impact of such earthquakes and tsunamis of Japan in their countries. It has been evident that in Asia most of the countries depend upon Japan so that they can keep their plants operating. This can be explained with the help of an example. South Korea imports around 25 percent of the industrial parts from Japan. Therefore, if there is a long-term delay in the shipment of the goods from Japan, then it might affec t the production as well as the economic growth of that particular country. It was further apparent that the developing countries in the continent such as Latin America had indirect effects via wider impacts upon the global economic growth. Latin America does not have much of the trade links with Japan since China’s presence is increasing in the region. Latin America exports less than three percent of its total export sales to Japan.  

The Conservative’s Right to Buy policy has changed the quality Essay

The Conservative’s Right to Buy policy has changed the quality and quantity of local authority housing beyond all recognition. Discuss - Essay Example But the scenario changes when the government of a country makes it easier and affordable for the people to buy houses. An example is the introduction of the ‘Right to Buy Policy’ (RTB) introduced by the Conservative government in the UK (later to become part of the Housing Act 1985 as sections 188 to 188). This paper is a review of the positive and negative effects of the policy and whether it has changed the quality and quantity of local authority housing beyond all recognition. The right to Buy scheme was first introduced in 1980 and the policy aims at â€Å"at secure tenants of local authorities (councils) and those assured tenants of registered social landlords/housing associations who previously held secure tenancies with local authorities. It is open to virtually any secure tenant who can afford to buy† (Communities and Local Government). Relatively high levels of discounts were also provided for the tenants if they intended to exercise their rights to buy. Several changes in legislation have taken place over the years and it is not intended in this paper to go into its details. The primary purpose as mentioned earlier is to understand its effects and repercussions. It is clear from published literature and facts that the policy did have an enormous impact on the housing sector in the country. According to the Guardian newspaper, as of 2003, nearly 1.5 million homes have been purchased by tenants and the level of ownership has risen from 55 to 7 0%. (Weaver 2003). The figure for Scotland in 2006, according to Communities Minister Malcolm Chisholm was 67%. Balchin and Rhoden quoting Hamnett state that the near dormant housing sector radically changed gears within ten years of the introduction of the policy. The housing sector was not very dynamic for nearly half a century prior to its introduction (Balchin &Rhoden 2002, p. 10). There are more words of praise and appreciation. In the book

Marketing demographics Essay Example for Free

Marketing demographics Essay The profile for the potential customers of Bob Bicycles consists of the following geographic, demographic, and behavioral factors: It is said that the immediate geographic target of the company is London. In terms of demographics, the company’s market segment includes male and female whose age ranges from 25 above. In a study conducted, it is noted that commuter cycling in the city is mainly dominated by white males with ages ranging from 25-44; this is because women is facing more barriers in cycling than men (See Figure 2). Most cyclists are also employers and employees who have seen the benefits of cycling with their health, economic and personal factors. As can be seen, children are not considered as a potential market since London is not allowing children to use bicycle for transport. Aside from this, other factors to be considered in the demographics of the potential customers of Bob includes the levels of bicycle usage, reasons for use, behavioral factors and geodemographic factors. Figure 2 Profile of Commute Cyclists 2006-2007 Behavior Factors. In terms of behavioral and cultural aspects, it can be said that Bob bicycles can be considered to have a big potential in London because of the high quality bicycles of Bob which meets the current trends in the bicycle market. In addition, there is a value attributed to the used of bicycle as a means of transport. There are various attitudes to cycling that should be considered by Bob in the London market (See figure 3). This result was based on the study conducted by TFL Omnibus Survey in 2007. Most of the perception of the individuals with regards to cycling is its economic, personal and health benefits. Figure 3 Attitude towards Cycling. Based on the analysis, it can be said that Bob’s plan of expanding his business in the London market, is very feasible and potential based on the current trends in business environment and the pool of demographics and potential target markets. Reference Automatic Traffic Count Data (2007). London Travel report 2007, 2007, TfL. Online available http://www. tfl. gov. uk/assets/downloads/corporate/London-Travel-Report-2007-final. pdf. Retrieve October 6, 2008. Heywood, C (2004). The Near Market for Cycling in London. Online available at http://www. tfl. gov. uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/cycling-market-report. pdf.retrieve October 6, 2008 Cycling Action Plan (2004). Creating a chain reaction The London Cycling Action Plan. Online available http://www. tfl. gov. uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/cycling-action-plan. pdf. Retrieve October 6, 2008 Cycling and Motorbikes (2008). Online available at http://www. bbc. co. uk/london/content/articles/2005/06/14/cycling_inlondon_feature. shtml. Retrieve October 6, 2008 Synovate Ltd (2008). TfL Omnibus attitudes to cycling, 2007, Synovate. Online available http://www. tfl. gov. uk/assets/downloads/businessandpartners/cycling-training-effectiveness-results-summary-2008. pdf. retrieve October 6, 2008.

Confucius Curry and a Mountain Dew Essay -- Culture

As Americans, we ridicule others based on their selection of clothing. We are snobby because of how much money we make or what we hold as an occupation. We chew with our mouths full of macaroni and curse when the soda machine is out of Pepsi. We could use some manners, or maybe just a reintroduction. Confucius thought is constructed on kindness and propriety, as well as holding the morally virtuous to be the ideal person. This philosophy exceedingly expresses value in benevolence, education, and the treatment of other people, but has hidden innuendos that would knock the petals off any flower child. In this reflection paper, I will dabble with how incorporating Confucius thought and practices would help in some areas of American society, but shun the validity of others. Money Over Everything The definition of the American Dream fluctuates from person to person, but can ultimately lead to a broad basis: With hard work and dedication, one can achieve success. And with success, comes happiness. We strive for happiness. In this journey, most come to understand that a college education is the key to becoming knowledgeable, and knowledge is important in becoming successful. Therefore, going to college can lead to success, right? Not a difficult concept to grasp. With the staggering rates of tuition bills and the dwindle of job availability, it would seem the path to success narrows each day. Those with money to cover these costs aren't usually too worried about their debts, seeing as they could squash them like ants. In America, our education is highly valued, but the value of education is incredibly too high. Confucius was not around for colleges and technical institutions, so the subject matter of his teachings did not include di... ... (Spring 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta  (ed.), URL = . 3.) Dawson, Miles. "Ethics of Confucius." . sacred-texts.com, 10/2007. Web. 17 Apr 2012. . 4.) . "Philosophy 312: Oriental Philosophy Main Concepts of Confucianism." Oriental Philosophy. N.p., 09/2000. Web. 17 Apr 2012. . 5.) Richey, Jefferey. "Gender and Sexuality." Religion Library: Confucianism. Patheos, 2012. Web. 17 Apr 2012. . 6.) Fader, Hallie. "The Chinese Legal Tradition." Rule of Law: The Story of Human Rights in World History. ORIAS, 07/2004. Web. April 17 2012. .

Cancellation of Agreement of Sale Dated: 18-12-2011

This deed of cancellation of agreement is made and executed on this _____ day of _________, ________ at Hyderabad, By & Between. The Greater Banjara co-operative Housing Society Ltd. bearing registration no. TAB-606 dated 7-7-2004 at Hyderabad, represented by the president of the society Mr. Santhosh Raja, S/o. Shri Bhupal goud and the secretary Mr. Subhash Reddy S/o. Late K. Srinivasa Reddy along with the society members (herein after called the â€Å"Vendors†) which terms shall mean and include their legal representatives, auditors managing committee members, General members of the society and their nominees etc. and assigns in Vendor. AND 4 GEMS RELATOR’S AND DEVELOPERS Office: C/o. Raj Bhavan Road plot no. 134, Suyog Nagar, Nagpur – 4400013, Represented by its partners, PARHEEZ. S. GIMI, Aged 41yrs, R/o. Behramhi Town Nagpur, BHARAT. S. MESHRAM, Aged 38yrs, R/o. Shivaji Complex, Mankapur, Nagpur, ASHFAQ. SAMNANI, Aged 40yrs, R/o. C. A. Road, Nagpur. JOINTLY A ND SEVERALLY (Herein after called the â€Å"vendee†) which terms shall mean and include their heirs, legal representatives and assigns in Vendee. Whereas the Greater Banjara co-operative Housing Society Ltd, the VENDOR of the first part is a society registered under the provisions of Andhra Pradesh co-operative societies at 1964 and has been issued certificate of registration under section 8 of APCS act-VII of 1964 on 07-07-2004. the object of the said society is to carry on the trade and business of building, buying and selling the land is accordance with co-operative principles and with prior permission and authorization by its members as per the terms of bye-laws. Whereas the vendees of the second part are the residents of Nagpur city in the state of Maharashtra and are involved in the business including the business relating to sell purchase of agricultural and non agricultural lands and infrastructures and were in search of property for making investment and development as for its wish and whims. The vendees of the second part came in contact with vendor of the first part through concerned person and got knowledge about the intension of the vendors of the first part to sell and dispose of the said land. The vendees of the second part hence has shown their willingness to purchase the aforesaid land to which the vendors of the first part has consented. The vendors of the first part after making enquiry about business, personals and statues of vendees of the second part has entered into due discussions and deliberation and agreed to sell the aforesaid land to vendees of the second part on the agreed terms and conditions narrated in the agreement of sale. Where as both the Vendors and Vendees have entered into an agreement of sale dt. 18-12-2011, in respect of the property to an extent of Ac. 5. 36 guntas situated at road no. 12, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad. In this context the Vendee have issued three cheques vide nos. 078604, 078605 and 665088 dt. 19th, 20th and 23rd December 2011, respectively, for Rs. 5,00,000,00/- Cr. (Five Crore) of each, thus the total amount of Rs. 15, 00,000,00/- (Fifteen Crore) towards the advance part of sale consideration. Where as the Vendor has presented the above mentioned three cheques to the bankers of the vendees of Nagpur, as per scheduled dates through the bankers of vendors (i. e. ,) Indian Bank, Narayanaguda Branch, Hyderabad for collection, but it is very unfortunate that the Vendee has not honoured the above cheques, hence all the cheques were bounced. Where as the Vendor along with their well-wishers, Arbitrators, and consultants, discussed the matter seriously and felt very bad, about the behaviour and attitude of the vendees and decided to cancel and terminate the agreement of sale dt: 18-12-2011. Where as the Vendee expressed their inability to continue in the said contract and not in a position to fulfill the terms and conditions of their part, including to mobilize and arrangement of funds for purchase of the said scheduled property as per the agreement of sale dt:18-12-2011 and requested the vendors for cancellation of the above agreement of sale with due apologies to the vendors and their general members. Where as the vendors, as per the request and decision of the vendees and as per the instructions of the Arbitrators & Consultants, both vendors and vendees unanimously agreed and with full will and consent, cancelled and terminated the agreement of sale dt. 18-12-2011, thus the said agreement of sale has no valid and null and void. IN WITNESS WHERE OFF BOTH THE VENDORS AND THE VENDEES HAVE SIGNED THIS CANCELLED AGREEMENT OF SALE ON THE DAY, MONTH AND YEAR ABOVE MENTIONED IN THE PRESENDE OF THE FOLLOWING WITNESSES: Consultants: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Witnesses: 1. 2.

Redeeming Qualities of Characters

Redeeming Qualities of Characters from â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat† In â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat†, each â€Å"immoral† character has redeeming qualities. Mother Shipping, a brothel owner, is the first to make the greatest sacrifice for another shows one of her redeeming qualities and her motherly nature. The Duchess, a prostitute, shows her redeeming qualities through being almost like an elder sister to Piney. And John Croakers, who despite his better knowledge of the situation, continues on with the group of outcasts and their young friends and continues to elf until his unexpected end.Despite their lowly characteristics, these three characters put forth amazing redeeming qualities which make them much higher than the hypocritical townspeople who banished them from Poker Flat. Mother Shipping is banished from Poker Flat for being a brothel owner. Despite this low standing part of her she has several redeeming qualities that redeem her from her past mistakes. The first redeeming quality she shows is her motherly nature toward not only Piney but the Duchess as well. Such as when she â€Å"requested Piney not to â€Å"chatter† (p. 88) when Piney said reckon now you're used to fine things at Poker Flat† (p. 88) this being her protecting the Duchess from embarrassment and protecting Pine's innocence. She also seems to show this side of her to Croakers as when she mentions that â€Å"el ‘didn't say ‘cards' once† during that evening† (p. 488) almost like a mother doting on the fact that her son had interest in something else besides his interest such as videotapes today, Sauerkraut's equivalent being card games. Another redeeming quality she has is her sacrificing herself for Pine's sake. At midnight on the tenth day she called Croakers to her side† (p. 490) and tells him that she is dying.She tells him not to â€Å"waken the kids† (p. 490) and take the bundle she is using as a pill ow. Within the bundle is her rations for the past week and she tells Croakers to ‘me to the (p. 490) and points at Piney. After she has done this she turns to the wall and passes away in her sleep quietly. This Mother Spittoon's top redeeming quality since she makes the greatest sacrifice for Piney and suffers for a week before dying Just for the young girl. This also plays into her quality f being motherly and trying to protect Piney by saving her rations for the girl knowing that they would not make it and run out food in due time.The Duchess is banished from Poker Flat for being a prostitute. Despite this immoral occupation she has several redeeming qualities. One of her redeeming qualities is that she protects Pine's innocence. She protects Pine's innocence by not telling her of what she was back in Poker Flat. She goes along with keeping the secret of not only her own past but Mother Spittoon's and Sauerkraut's when Croakers says mind out the truth about us all when they find out anything,† he added significantly, â€Å"and there's no good frightening them now† (p. 488).The Duchess's other redeeming quality is that she distracts Piney from their current situation so she won't be worried. She distracts the girl by directing â€Å"Piney in the rearrangement of the interior† of the cabin â€Å"with a taste and tact that opened the blue eyes of that provincial maiden to their fullest extent. † (p. 488). This action of the Duchess completely brings Pine's attention away from what is going outside and the events tit Uncle Billy and focuses her on the cabin and its furniture as well as the Duchess's knowledge of â€Å"fine things†.Croakers is banished from Poker Flat for gambling. One of Sauerkraut's much smaller redeeming qualities is when he insists on exchanging â€Å"his own riding horse, â€Å"Five Spot,† for the sorry mule which the Duchess rode. † (p. 485) so as to cheer not only her up but put the res t of the party into â€Å"closer sympathy' (p. 485), or a better mood. Another redeeming quality he has is that he stays with the party and â€Å"the thought of deserting his weaker and more pitiable companions never perhaps occurred to him. (p. 486) even though the others are all drunk and he, since drinking interferes with the mind, is completely sober. Another redeeming quality he has is that he doesn't think Billy has stolen their rides but he had instead â€Å"wandered from the camp and had accidentally stampeded the animals. † (p. 487). Another redeeming quality he has, which takes place in his past, is that he gave Tom back his money after a game of poker, or as he says â€Å"a â€Å"little game† which got him â€Å"some forty dollars† (p. 86) from the boy, but instead of keeping it he takes Tom and tells him o'er a good little man, but you can't gamble worth a cent. Don't try it over agar† (p. 486) and gives him his money back. Another redeeming quality Croakers has is that he gives Tom the snowshoes he has. Though Croakers could have used the shoes himself he â€Å"showed him the pair of snowshoes, which he had fashioned from the old pack-saddle. † (p. 490) and gives them to him telling the young man to use the shoes to save Piney to go to Poker Flat. Croakers even shows him the way far as the canon† (p. 90). Sauerkraut's final redeeming quality is that at the end even Hough he had made it he kills himself because the others had not, except for Tom, which made him â€Å"once the strongest and yet the weakest of the outcasts of Poker Flat. † Even though he had been strong through it all and had made it out of the cabin and got Tom to Poker Flat, he could not go on knowing that the others had died not just from the conditions but for each other and with nothing else to do, with nothing else in his hand, he ended the game that he called life.Mother Shipping, a brothel owner, makes the greatest sacrifice f or Piney and her motherly nature being her most distinguishing redeeming qualities. The Duchess, a prostitute, shows her redeeming qualities by protecting Pine's innocence and distracting her from the â€Å"streak of bad luck† the party came upon. And John Croakers, who despite his better knowledge of the situation, continues on with the group of outcasts and their young friends by staying with them, helping them, and not accusing others by what they had done in the past all the way up until his unexpected end which is another one of his redeeming qualities.Despite these characters lowly characteristics, these three put forth amazing qualities, actions which many could not have done, which make them much higher than the hypocritical townspeople who banished them from Poker Flat and cleanse them of their past mistakes allowing them all to pass on in peace which made it so that you could scarcely tell who had sinned.

Enhance the photocatalytic ability Essay Example

Enhance the photocatalytic ability Essay Example Enhance the photocatalytic ability Essay Enhance the photocatalytic ability Essay Abstraction The purpose of this undertaking is to heighten the photocatalytic ability of TiO2 by integrating an inorganic dye ( Ru ( bpy ) 32+ ) with strong seeable light soaking up belongingss into it. This should promote more hydroxyl groups to organize, get the better ofing one of the major disadvantages of TiO2, its inability to absorb in the seeable part. TiO2 and TiO2-Ru ( bpy ) 32+ were synthesised via the sol gel procedure. The burdens included 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 % Ru ( bpy ) 32+ . The samples were calcined to 400, 600 and 800 A ; deg ; C. Characterisation of these samples was carried out utilizing the differential scanning calorimeter, x-ray diffraction, Raman, IR and emanation spectrometry. The DSC reported Ru debasement at 450 A ; deg ; C and showed that the dye was holding no consequence on crystal growing below 500 A ; deg ; C. XRD found that 100 % anatase had formed at both 400 and 600 A ; deg ; C and pure rutile was present at 800 A ; deg ; C. Its highlighted that at 700 A ; deg ; C, the anatase to rutile transmutation was speed uping by the increasing sums of Ru ( bpy ) 32+ being added. At 0, 0.1 and 0.5 % the % rutile nowadays was 11.1, 32.2 and 91.2 % severally. Raman analysis was carried out at two optical maser lines, 514.5 and 785 nanometer. The consequences reported at 514.5 nanometers identified the signifier of TiO2 at each calcination temp, which correlated the XRD consequences. The optical maser line at 785 nanometer was aimed at happening Ru extremums. The trouble here was the high fluorescence belongingss, low burdens and high possibility of combustion of the Ru composite. A extremum at 1360 cm-1 was found, nevertheless there is no literature available about the signifier of Ru ( bpy ) 32+ at these calcination temperatures, intending peak assignment was hard. Poor sample readying meant IR consequences were inconclusive and no information could be obtained from it. Diffuse optical density spectrometry calculated the set spread energy of TiO2 at 400, 600 and 800 A ; deg ; C to be 3.2, 3.2 and 3.0 electron volt severally. These values are consistent with the literature. Emission spectrometry was carried out between two scopes 360-600 nm and 480-800 nanometer to let analysis of both TiO2 and Ru ( bpy ) 32+ severally. The emanation spectrum of TiO2 reported a 22 nm displacement towards the seeable light part when TiO2 by itself and TiO2-2.0 % Ru ( bpy ) 32+ were compared at 600 A ; deg ; C. The technique, clip correlated individual photon numeration was used to measure the effects of temperature and the TiO2 environment on the life-time of the Ru stuff. Unheated Ru ( bpy ) 32+ had a long life-time of 557.8 Ns, which decreased to 1.5 Ns when the sample was heated to 400 A ; deg ; C. This important lessening suggests an aroused province negatron is traveling from the Ru ( bpy ) 32+ to the conductivity set of TiO2, therefore photosensitisation is happening. In look intoing the possibility that the stuffs synthesised may hold environmental redress belongingss, photocatalysis was set up. The sample was kept covered with a blue filter which ensured merely seeable light above 420 nanometers would make the sample. The mention, organic pollutant methylene blue degraded at 0.0001 min-1. The photocatalytic analysis of pure anatase showed a little betterment of 0.0002 min-1 under seeable visible radiation. A important betterment to 0.0015 min-1 in the rate of debasement seen at 0.5 % Ru ( bpy ) 32+ emphasised that at higher burdens more hydroxyl groups are produced doing the TiO2-Ru ( bpy ) 32+ stuffs a good campaigner for environmental redress. At 700 A ; deg ; C the acceleration of the anatase to rutile transmutation with increased concentrations of the dye is important. It shows that the Ru composite at this temperature was holding an consequence on the crystal growing of the nanocrystalline stuff. Besides the betterment in the photocatalytic ability of TiO2 when Ru ( bpy ) 32+ was added is of import as it ensures that the sample is now absorbing seeable visible radiation, doing it to bring forth more hydroxyl groups. Novel Photocatalytic Materials for Self- Cleaning Surfaces, 2010 Chapter 1: Introduction Novel Photocatalytic Materials for Self- Cleaning Surfaces, 2010 1. Introduction 1.1 Photocatalysis Photocatalysis is the soaking up of visible radiation by a stuff which consequences in the formation of hydroxyl groups ( A ; bull ; HO ) . ( 1 ) Depending on how efficient the production of these hydroxyl groups is will find how effectual the composite is in environmental redress. Hydroxyl groups are the most aggressive species generated in H2O with an oxidization valve of 2.80 V. ( 2 ) They attack most organic pollutants found in the atmosphere i.e. NOx and CH4. ( 3 ) This undertaking is based on the photocatalytic ability of TiO2, a semiconducting material with a UV visible radiation soaking up cut off at 390 nanometers. The set construction of a stuff is of import in measuring whether it is a good photocatalyst as it determines the light soaking up wavelength of the compound. Figure 1.1 illustrates this point good. TiO2 is an first-class photocatalyst as it remains stable even when it is photoexcited. ( 2 ) It is the anatase signifier of TiO2 that is best for photocatalysis, with a much stronger cut downing power than rutile as the CB is closer to the negative place. ( 2 ) TiO2 is already a proved success in many commercial merchandises such as ego cleansing glass, ( 4 ) anti fogging ( 5 ) and self cleaning surfaces ( 6 ) in infirmaries. By modifying TiO2 with a composite that has a strong seeable light soaking up it is possible that the photocatalytic ability will be improved. If successful more hydroxyl groups will be produced, therefore more organic pollutants will be degraded under normal seeable visible radiation. 1.2 Titanium dioxide TiO2 is found in nature in three polymorphous signifiers anatase, rutile and brookite. Brookite is rather rare and hard to fix hence the anatase ( 3.2 electron volt ) and rutile ( 3.0 electron volt ) signifiers are most common. ( 5 ) TiO2 has a d0 negatron constellation which explains its white visual aspect and inability to absorb seeable visible radiation. The set spread energy of a semiconducting material is of import as it a ) determines the optical soaking up of the stuff and B ) high spots issues that may originate due to recombination. ( 2 ) It is seen that at 3.0 and 3.2 electron volts TiO2 can merely absorb UV visible radiation. Merely 3-5 % of the solar spectrum making the Earth is UV visible radiation restricting the photocatalytic ability of TiO2 instantly. ( 8 ) Besides the rutile signifier has a disadvantage in that it has a higher recombination rate than that of anatase. Figure 1.2 high spots the ability of TiO2 to partake in environmental redress. The soaking up of a photon of light below 390 nm promotes and negatron from the valency set to the conductivity set go forthing an negatron deficient ( h+ ) at the valency set. An oxidization reaction is promoted here. The excess negatron now present in the conductivity set of TiO2 encourages a decrease reaction. ( 9 ) Ohio groups are being produced at each set and it is the concentration/efficiency in the production of these that will make up ones mind whether environmental redress is an option or non. Unfortunately, the efficiency of TiO2 in hydroxyl extremist production exists merely in the UV part. Therefore unmodified TiO2 has a limited consequence on environmental redress. 1.3 TiO2-Ru ( bpy ) 32+ In the past TiO2 has been modified with Ag, ( 8 ) Fe, ( 10 ) and N. ( 11 ) Each dopant was found to impact some belongings of the nanocrystalline stuff. Seery et al described how TiO2-Ag improved both the photocatalytic public presentation of TiO2 and enhanced its anti bacterial effects. The Ag atoms acted as a trap for the CB negatrons leting the efficiency of hydroxyl extremist production to be increased. ( 8 ) Fe, a group 8 component was found to speed up the anatase to rutile transmutation. and nitrogen doping resulted in an active wavelength scope below 520 nanometers, significant in leting TiO2 to organize hydroxyl groups under seeable visible radiation. This undertaking proposes that modifying TiO2 with an inorganic dye which has a strong seeable light soaking up may excessively help photocatalytic activity in the seeable part. Therefore the complex tris ( 2,2-bipyridyl ) dichloro-ruthenium ( II ) hexahydrate ( 12 ) with an soaking up of 450 nanometer was suggested.8 The construction of the dye is three bidentate bipyridine ligands attached to a Ru metal composite. It is hoped that the rule behind Gratzel s dye sensitised solar cells can be imitated slightly so that dyesensitisation occurs between the TiO2 substrate and the inorganic dye. The dye must absorb seeable visible radiation, promote an negatron to the aroused province and reassign the aroused negatron to the CB of TiO2 where decrease reactions occur, bring forthing hydroxyl groups. Ru ( bpy ) 32+ a d6 metal ion has an intense MLCT which has the possible to advance charge injection processes to the conductivity set of broad set spread semi music directors like TiO2, SnO2 and ZnO. ( 13 ) ( Figure 1.3 ) If successful TiO2-Ru ( bpy ) 32+ can be developed in environmental redress as the more hydroxyl groups produced the more of the organic pollutant that is degraded. In Ireland the chief green house gas is methane. ( 14 ) The pollutant produced mostly in agribusiness has a OH sink. If TiO2-Ru ( bpy ) 32+ proves a success, Ireland s part to green house gases can be significantly decreased by merely fixing pigments integrating the TiO2-Ru ( bpy ) 32+ stuffs. ( Figure 1.4 ) These pigments may so be painted onto the outside of sheds on farms and even onto farm machinery in a command to see a lessening in Ireland s agribusiness methane concentration. A technique similar to this by a company called Pilkington was a immense success where they produced thin movies and coated them onto the sides of glass edifices where they degraded soil etc. ( 6 ) In other words the glass was self maintained. ( Figure 1.5 ) 1.4 Synthesis via colloidal suspension gel procedure A simple wet chemical technique illustrated below in figure 1.6. The method was used by Seery et Al in modifying TiO2 with Ag. ( 8 ) It enables unvarying scattering of atoms in a gel. Acetic acid was used to give the connection molecules strength as it ensures strong adhering between Ti-O. The precursor TTIP enables TiO2 formation and H2O makes it a liquid gel. 1.5 Purposes The overall purpose of this undertaking is to heighten the seeable light activity of TiO2. By adding Ru ( bpy ) 32+ into the semiconducting material, synthesizing it via the sol gel procedure a displacement in photocatalytic activity from the UV to the seeable part is predicted, similar to that seen in N and Ag doped systems. The intent of this is to enable the semiconducting material to breakdown organic pollutants both indoors and out-of-doorss by holding the ability to map under seeable visible radiation. The undertaking has three subdivisions synthesis, word picture and photocatalysis. The synthesis of TiO2 modified with Ru ( bpy ) 32+ was done utilizing the sol-gel procedure. This is a simple, yet effectual technique to integrate the dye into TiO2. Characterizing the prepared TiO2 samples is of import as this is the first effort at utilizing this combination via a sol gel procedure. Techniques such as XRD and Raman will place the nature of TiO2, UV/vis and emanation spectrometry will assist find the set spread energies of the samples and will guarantee that the presence of the other ingredient is non impacting their characteristic emanation values. The photocatalytic ability of the prepared samples must besides be investigated ; and will reflect if the sample s debasement rate has improved under seeable visible radiation. A photocatalysis workstation must be set up to include a 60 W lamp, stirring equipment and a composition board box, the organic pollutant impersonator methylene blue is to be used as it is in stock. A bluish filter is a important add-on as it suf ficiently ensures merely light above 420 nm reaches the sample. TCSPC evaluates by what procedure the organic debasement may happen i.e. if dyesensitisation is happening a decrease in the life-time will happen between modified and unmodified TiO2. If an betterment is found the stuff may be so suggested as a possible campaigner for future environmental redress techniques. Chapter 2: Experimental 2. Experimental 2.1 Materials Titanium ( IV ) isopropoxide ( 97 % ) , acetic acid ( 99.8 % ) and tris ( 2,2bipyridy ) dichloro Ru ( II ) hexahydrate [ Ru ( bpy ) 32+ ] pulverization were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Methylene blue was obtained from Gurrs Co. All chemicals used as received. Distilled H2O was used in all phases of synthesis, word picture and photocatalysis. 2.2 Synthesis 2.2.1 Preparation of TiO2 The synthesis was carried out in the fume goon as it contained acetic acid. Acetic acid ( 48 milliliter ) was placed in a big beaker and set stirring. Titanium ( IV ) isopropoxide ( 25 milliliter ) was added into the solution dropwise organizing a thick gel. A glass stirring rod was used to blend the gel until stirring saloon was free to travel once more. Distilled H2O ( 150 milliliter ) was added to the solution dropwise, leting a clear syrupy solution to organize. The solution was left stirring for an hr and placed in an oven overnight at 100 A ; deg ; C. 2.2.2 Preparation of TiO2 Ru ( bpy ) 32+ The synthesis was carried out in the fume goon as it contained acetic acid. Acetic acid ( 48 milliliter ) was placed in a big beaker and set stirring. Pre-weighed Ru ( bpy ) 32+ pulverization ( 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 % ) , table 2.2 was added to acetic acid. Titanium ( IV ) isopropoxide ( 25 milliliter ) was added dropwise to the solution, a thick gel formed. A glass stirring rod was used to blend the gel until stirring saloon was free to travel once more. Distilled H2O ( 150 milliliter ) was added dropwise to the mixture and a reddish-orange syrupy solution formed. After stirring for one hr the solution was placed in an oven overnight at 100 A ; deg ; C. A pulverization formed changing in coloring material from light orange to deep ruddy depending on Ru ( bpy ) 32+ concentration. 2.2.3 Calcination of dried TiO2 samples The pulverizations were calcined in the Carbolite furnace leting temperatures of up to 1200 A ; deg ; C. Approximately 1 g of sample was ground down in a pester and howitzer and placed in a crucible. The melting pots were labelled saying the concentration and coveted calcination temperature of the pulverization and its location in the furnace was besides noted as labelling tended to be removed at these high temperatures. The P button on the furnace was pressed and 5.0 A ; deg ; C / min selected. The button was pressed once more and pl appeared on the screen leting a temperature alteration. The button was held in and palladium selected to put the tally continuance. Calcination of samples occurred by pressing run . Samples calcined at 400, 600, 700 and 800 A ; deg ; C each for 2 H periods. 2.3 Word picture 2.3.1 Differential scanning calorimeter The Rheometric scientific derived function scanning calorimeter must honk twice, bespeaking it is on and working decently. The RSI orchestrator icon on the desktop was clicked on. The icon upload was selected on the left of the screen. When it turned green the drama icon selected. The pressing edit trial the parametric quantities were set as follows, 25 500 A ; deg ; C, raging at 10 A ; deg ; C / min. When the system beeped four times it began coolingto 25 A ; deg ; C and so ramped from at that place. Excel data format was used by salvaging as export under file and salvaging as a txt . Then it could be imported into Excel. A clean mention sample and the land down analyte was placed in two separate DSC holders and inserted into the analysing chamber by raising off the palpebra and taking the two rings underneath. The mention was placed on the right and the analyte on the left. Ringss and palpebra replaced and analysis initiated. Run clip was approx. 42 min and so consequences were exported and imported into Excel plotting heat flow ( mW ) against temperature ( A ; deg ; C ) . 2.3.2 X-ray diffraction The pulverizations were characterised utilizing X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) , the Siemens D 500 X-ray diffractometer with the diffraction angles scanning from 2q = 20 80 A ; deg ; , utilizing a Cu Ka radiation beginning. There are two procedures available to XRD, double sided gluey tape or mix with propanone. For word picture of these samples double sided gluey tape was used. The tape was placed on a glass slide ( glass is formless therefore it will non interfere with the analysis ) . The calcined pulverization was ground down utilizing a pestler and howitzer. The sample was so spread out over the gluey tape. The slide was held up to the visible radiation to guarantee no light incursion was happening. Sample was placed in analysis chamber and set running. All information imported into Excel and plotted strength against 2? . The % anatase to rutile was calculated utilizing equation 2.2 below. Equation 2.2 To cipher % anatase to % rutile in a sample ( 8 ) Wr=11+ 0.8 ( 1A1R ) Wr = fraction rutile, 1A = contemplations of anatase, 1R = contemplations of rutile 2.3.3 IR spectrometry The Perkin-Elmer -spectrum 100 FTIR was used for infrared ( IR ) analysis. All samples were prepared as phonograph record in a 1:10 ratio, sample: KBr. These phonograph records were placed between labelled beds of tissue paper during analysis, cut downing wet consumption. Each phonograph record was placed in the IR holder and inserted into the analysis chamber of the instrument. Under the start icon, spectrum selected. The username and watchword were obtained and entered. A background spectrum obtained utilizing the prepared KBr phonograph record, mention. The scan scope was set, 450 4000 cm-1. The analyte was placed in the analysis chamber and the scan icon was selected. When finished the extremums were labelled utilizing the nomadic precursor on the screen. The consequences were originally saved into pigment by pressing print screen on the keyboard and choosing paste in the pigment plan. Subsequently they were saved as an ASCII file and imported into Excel, plotting % transmission against wavenumber ( cm-1 ) . 2.3.4 Raman spectrometry Raman spectroscopic analysis was carried out on two optical maser lines 514.5 and 785 nanometer because 514.5 nanometers merely detected TiO2 extremums. The S.A. ( Jobin Yvon ) LabRam 1B with an argon ion gave a optical maser wavelength of 514.5 nanometers at 50 mW, and the Horiba Jobin Yvon LabRAM HR 800, provided a optical maser line wavelength of 785 nanometers which aimed to enable Ru ( bpy ) 32+ sensing. The instruments were already calibrated during line alteration therefore analysis commenced instantly. Sample readying included puting a little sum of land pulverization onto a microscope slide while flattening it every bit much as possible with the dorsum of a spatula before puting it under the microscope. System set up by turning the key in the optical maser box at the rear of the instrument to on . A green or violet laser line was observed for 514.5 and 785 nanometer severally. The lab spec icon on the desktop was selected and the parametric quantities were set. The scope was set at 100 4000 cm-1 while temperature was varied. The camera and lamp were switched on and a level country was found and highlighted for optical maser irradiation seting concentrate wheel if necessary. Magnification was 10X. A smooth country highlighted for sample irradiation guaranting equal optical maser incursion. For analysis, both the camera and visible radiation were turned away and the optical maser was switched on. Analysis initiated by pressing the hog icon on the toolbar bill of fare. All informations saved in extra as labspec. [ tsf ] and txt so converted and imported into Excel for coverage, plotting strength against wavenumber ( cm-1 ) . The undermentioned parametric quantities were set, clip 5 s and the optical maser filter varied due to the grade of fluorescence and combustion of the Ru sample was unknown. A technique recommended to place the extent of combustion was enlightening the sample with the optical maser for approx 30 s and so analyzing the sample under the microscope placing burn forms and to what grade. 2.3.5 Diffuse optical density spectrometry The technique desired to find the set spread energy of each sample was diffuse coefficient of reflection spectrometry nevertheless, it was non working hence diffuse optical density substituted it. Analysis was carried out utilizing the Perkin Elmer Lambda 900 UV/VIS/NIR Spectrometer between 400 800 nanometer. None of the TiO2 modified samples gave reportable consequences utilizing this technique. Therefore, emanation spectrometry had to be used alternatively to find the set spread energies. Equation 2.3 below was used to find the set spreads of the pure TiO2 samples. Equation 2.3 Formula to cipher set spread energy ? E=1238.9? 2.3.6 Emission spectrometry The Perkin Elmer LS55B Luminescence Spectrometer was used to find the set spread energies utilizing equation 2.3. Approx 20 milligram of sample was placed in a 10 milliliter volumetric flask and made up to the grade with distilled H2O. All volumetrics were placed in a sonicator for 15 min to guarantee unvarying scattering. Dispersions were each placed in a 4 sided vitreous silica cuvette to undergo luminescence. On the desktop the icon Fn Winlab was selected. From the option list scan mth was clicked. The parametric quantities were set between 360 600 nanometer, ? ex = 330 nanometers analyzing for TiO2 and 480 800 nanometer, ? ex = 450 nanometer for Ru ( bpy ) 32+ analysis. The consequences were imported into Excel, plotting strength versus wavelength ( nm ) . The? soap was highlighted for TiO2 emanation consequences and was used to find the set spread energy of the stuff, equation 2.3. These consequences were besides used in puting the parametric quantities for TCSPC. 2.3.7 Time Correlated Single Photon Counting ( TCSPC ) These emanation values were besides used to help lifetime values of the samples utilizing the clip correlated individual photon numeration spectrometer ( TCSPC ) FL900. The spread samples in 2.3.6 above were re-used to obtain the life-times of the samples. The instruments parametric quantities were set based on the emanation spectrometry consequences, alone to each sample. The extremum count was set at 30,000 and the? ex was 333 nanometer. The ice chest was set at approx -28 A ; deg ; C for the sensing system. Both switches for the power supply were turned on. CD900 Test on the desktop was opened. Then right clicked on Initialise all devices to avoid mistake reports the flag must be to the full closed. The F900 package started. Choose position and nF lamp set-up . The force per unit area in the lamp chamber was checked to be about 0.35-0.50 saloon. Then the visible radiation was switched on. The lamp frequence was set to 40 kilohertz. The electromotive force was approx. 7 V and the lamp sensor had an strength of approx. 3. When ready, pressed use so near . A diffuse milklike solution was inserted as a standardization technique. The excitement and emanation wavelengths were set harmonizing to earlier consequences. Scan started and saved to a file. The life-times of the samples were calculated by opening the saved life clip spectra, pressing informations on the control panel and taking exponential tantrum . There are two alternate adjustment processs ( I ) reconvolution tantrum and ( two ) tail Fit. Tail tantrum was used because these samples were expected to hold longer life-times than the heavy hydrogen lamp ( approx. 1 N ) . The samples were placed in a chamber for analysis. 2.4 Photocatalysis 2.4.1 Photocatalysis of synthesised samples utilizing a 60 W visible radiation bulb The photocatalytic debasement of the organic pollutant impersonator, methylene blue was determined utilizing the Perkin Elmer Lambda 900 UV/VIS/NIR Spectrometer between 400 800 nanometer. Approx. 0.06 g of calcined pulverization was placed in a glass beaker with a stirring saloon where methylene blue ( 50 milliliter, ten 10-5 M ) was added. The sample was placed on a magnetic stirring home base and was covered with a bluish filter, guaranting that merely light above 420 nanometers would make the sample. Equilibration was reached between the sample and the organic pollutant by stirring the suspension in darkness for 30 min. After 30 min a 3 milliliter aliquot was taken and placed in a labelled extractor tubing and was stored off in a dark imperativeness. The bluish filter was replaced over the sample and the 60 W light bulb was switched on. After 30 min, a 3 milliliter aliquot was removed, this procedure was repeated for 2 H and 30 min taking a 3 milliliter aliquot every 30 min while guaranting the bluish filter was replaced each clip. The samples were non cloudy as the pulverization was denser than the methylene bluish solution ; therefore they were nt centrifuged for 8 min like Degussa P25. The debasement of methylene blue was measured utilizing the UV/vis spectrometer. On the desktop Lambda 900 selected. Methylene bluish absorbs at approx. 456 nm hence scan scope set between 500 800 nanometer. Baseline rectification and car nothing were both done. Ordinate manner was set to A ( optical density ) . Choosing the sample icon computing machine requests the figure of samples, ( 5 in this instance, over 2.5 hour ) . computing machine now prompts each sample in order. Consequences saved and imported into Excel plotting optical density against wavelength ( nm ) . A 1st order kinetic secret plan, plotting Ln ( Ao/A ) against clip ( s ) , where A is the optical density at times t and A0 is the optical density at times zero of the consequences, generated. The incline of this line was equal to the rate of debasement and was subbed into equation 2.3. Equation 2.3 To cipher the rate of debasement t=ln2k where K is the photocatalytic rate of debasement of methylene blue by the sample. Methylene blue was prepared from the stock solution ( 10-3M ) in the research lab and was prepared in a 1:100 ratio of methylene blue: deionised H2O giving methylene blue ( 10-5 M ) . Chapter 3: Consequences and Discussion 3. Consequences and Discussion 3.1 Synthesis TiO2 and TiO2 modified with Ru ( bpy ) 32+ at concentrations runing from 0.1 to 2.0 % was prepared via the sol gel procedure and so calcined at 400, 600 and 800 A ; deg ; C. An issue arose environing the readying of TiO2 colloidal suspension gels. The documented experimental stated that acetic acid had to be added to the TTIP which resulted in cloping issues. It was found that by adding TTIP to the acetic acid the synthesis worked better, from here the original experimental was followed. After drying at 100 A ; deg ; C a white and ruddy orange solids were collected, declarative of TiO2 and TiO2-Ru ( bpy ) 32+ . Approximately 3 g of stuff was obtained after drying expect at 2.0 % Ru ( bpy ) 32+ as 1/5 of the declared volume was used in the synthesis to cut down Ru ( bpy ) 32+ ingestion. When calcined the unmodified TiO2 samples remained white going shinier as the temperature increased. The modified TiO2 samples turned gray black with increased burden and temperature. 3.2.1 Differential Scanning Calorimeter DSC analysis was carried out on TiO2, TiO2 modified with Ru ( bpy ) 32+ and untreated Ru ( bpy ) 32+ pulverization. The consequences in figure 3.4 show that in both samples incorporating TiO2, a loss of H2O and acetic acid at 100 A ; deg ; C occurred. A larger H2O extremum was seen for the modified TiO2 sample as it was non to the full dried when analysed. The 330 A ; deg ; C is declarative of the formless to crystalline formation of TiO2. The presence of Ru ( bpy ) 32+ did non impact the crystal growing of TiO2 up to 500 A ; deg ; C as the formless to crystalline stage alteration remained the same in both modified and unmodified TiO2. 3.2.2 X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) XRD analysis was carried out on all samples prepared. This determined what signifier of TiO2 was present at each temperature. The consequences showed that anatase formed at 400 and 600 A ; deg ; C and pure rutile was present at 800 A ; deg ; C for the unmodified TiO2 samples. Figure 3.5 below high spots this. The burdens were presumed to moo to see ruthenium extremums under XRD, nevertheless at TiO2-2 % Ru ( bpy ) 32+ Ru extremums were detected. There was no literatre published on the effects of temperature on Ru ( bpy ) 32+ but on comparing of the extremums, the 2 % lading complement that of the criterion calcined to 600 A ; deg ; C. The signifier at these high temperatures is still unknown. A communications paper found that metallic ruthenium17 signifiers at 600 A ; deg ; C but no farther publication was made on it. Figure 3.5 XRD exemplifying anatase, rutile and Ru extremums found in TiO2 modified with 2 % Ru ( bpy ) 32+ at 600 A ; deg ; C. The significance of this consequence was that all other samples analysed at 600 A ; deg ; C calcination, modified and unmodified were strictly anatase but at this lading rutile extremums were beggining to organize. Baring in head that the anatase to rutile transmutation occurs at 700+ A ; deg ; C, analysis was initated on 0, 0.1 and 0.5 % burdens at 700 A ; deg ; C and 800 A ; deg ; C. As expected all 800 A ; deg ; C samples were 100 % rutile. The samples investigated at 700 A ; deg ; C resulted in an addition in the % rutile nowadays at increased burdens. A similar consequence was seen when TiO2 was doped with Ag and Fe. Ghosh et al highlighted a similar happening in Fe doped TiO2 sample.18 This discovery meant that the presence of Ru ( bpy ) 32+ was impacting crystal growing at 700 A ; deg ; C. A new revalation as the DSC consequences confirmed earlier that the dye was holding no consequence on the crystal growing up to 500 A ; deg ; C. Aceleration in the anatase to rutile transmutation is important as it means that TiO2 is being converted into its most stable signifier, rutile earlier. It is possible that the samples can be tuned to accomplish a peculiar concentration of each TiO2 signifier. Figure 3.6 Shows the important acceleration in crystal growing at 700 A ; deg ; C clearly. 3.2.3 Raman Spectroscopy Samples were analysed under Raman at 514.5 and 785 nanometer. Merely TiO2 extremums were obtained at 514.5 nanometers, most likely due to the low burden of Ru ( bpy ) 32+ in the stuff or that at higher temperatures the composite had decomposed. The Peaks observed at 400 and 600 A ; deg ; C were declarative of anatase, and rutile at 800 A ; deg ; C. These consequences correlated the XRD consequences for the same temperatures. After correspondence with research workers specialised in Ru composites it was agreed that the laser line of 514.5 nanometer was deficient for Ru sensing and that a laser line of 785 nanometers would be more suited. Burning of the sample was suspected which would suppress sensing. Experiment as to what % filter to utilize was carried out by traveling from 100 to 25 to 10 to 1 % . It was found that by cut downing the filter to 1 % the sample was less likely to fire. This determination was made based on exposing the sample to the optical maser at the assorted filters for several seconds, so exchanging back on the microscope to find if the sample had burned or non. The grade to which the dye was firing became cl

Hierarchy of Roman Offices in the Cursus Honorum

Hierarchy of Roman Offices in the Cursus Honorum The order of advancement through elected offices (magistracies) in Republican Rome was known as the cursus honorum. The sequence of offices in the cursus honorum meant that an office couldnt be skipped, in theory. There were exceptions. There were also optional offices that could be steps along the cursus honorum. Sequence Leading to the Top Office of Consul A Roman male of the upper classes became Quaestor before he could be elected Praetor. He had to be elected Praetor before Consul, but the candidate need not have been either an Aedile or Tribune. Other Requirements for Progress Along the Cursus Honorum The Quaestor candidate had to be at least 28. Two years had to elapse between the end of one office and the beginning of the next step on the cursus honorum. The Roles of the Cursus Honorum Magistrates and the Senate Originally, the magistrates sought the advice of the Senate when and if they wished. Over time, the Senate, which was made up of the magistrates past and present, insisted on being consulted. Insignia of the Magistrates and Senators Once admitted to the Senate, the magistrate wore a wide purple stripe on his tunic. This was called the latus clavus. He also wore a special scarlet colored shoe, the calceus mulleus, with a C on it. Like the equestrians, senators wore gold rings and sat in the reserved front row seats at performances. The Meeting Place of the Senate The Senate usually met in the Curia Hostilia, north of the Forum Romanum and facing the street called the Argiletum. [See Forum Map.] At the time of Caesars assassination, in 44 B.C., the Curia was being rebuilt, so the Senate met in Pompeys theater. The Magistrates of the Cursus Honorum Quaestor: The first position in the cursus honorum was Quaestor. The term of Quaestor lasted a year. Originally there were two Quaestors, but the number increased to four in 421, to six in 267, and then to eight in 227. In 81, the number was increased to twenty. The Assembly of the thirty-five tribes, the Comitia Tributa, elected Quaestors. Tribune of the Plebs: Annually elected by the plebeian section of the Assembly of the Tribes (Comitia Tributa), known as the Concilium Plebis, there were originally two  Tribunes of the Plebs, but by 449 B.C., there were ten. The Tribune held great power. His physical person was sacrosanct, and he could veto anyone, including another Tribune. A Tribune could not, however, veto a dictator. The office of Tribune was not a mandatory stage of the cursus honorum. Aedile:  The Concilium Plebis elected two Plebeian Aediles each year. The Assembly of the thirty-five tribes or Comitia Tributa elected two  Curule Aediles annually. It was not necessary to be an Aedile while following the cursus honorum. Praetor:  Elected by the Assembly of the Centuries, known as the Comitia Centuriata, the Praetors held office for a year. The number of Praetors increased from two to four in 227; and then to six in 197. In 81, the number was increased to eight. Praetors were accompanied by two lictores within the confines of the city. The lictores carried the ceremonial rods and ax or fasces that could, in fact, be used to inflict punishment. Consul:  The Comitia Centuriata or Assembly of the Centuries elected 2 Consuls annually. Their honors included being accompanied by 12 lictores and wearing the toga praetexta. This is the top rung of the cursus honorum. Sources Marsh, Frank Burr; revised by H.H. Scullard. A History of the Roman World From 146 to 30 B.C. London: Methuen Co. Ltd., 1971.www.theaterofpompey.com/rome/reviewmagist.shtml Regular Magistracies of the Roman Republic From T. S. R. Broughtons Magistrates of the Roman Republic.The Procedure of the Senate, by A. G. Russell.  Greece Rome, Vol. 2, No. 5 (Feb., 1933), pp. 112-121.Jona Lendering Cursus Honorum

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The Characteristics of the Good Prince (Leader) - Essay Example As the word Machiavellian suggests, a modern prince needs to be cunning, deceitful and crude if need be (Niccolo, 2010). The Machiavellian claim answers the question of whether one should love or fear a leader. Machiavelli states that it would be better to be loved and feared, but the two cannot exist at ago (Niccolo, 2010). He says that it is, therefore, better to be feared because leaders need complete obedience from their people for them to completely govern. The vulnerability of the subject towards punishment makes him submit to the leader (Niccolo, 2010). With fear, people only reluctantly trust the leader hoping that the leader is concerned with their good. Some leaders prove their care for their people hence eventually gain trust and love whereas others are feared throughout their leadership. He says that love contains many rules, most of which may be broken by selfish men. Fear, on the other hand, lives long because people are afraid of punishment that would befall them when they rebel (Niccolo, 2010). This aspect of fear and love is important in todays politics whereby leaders tend to pursue either love or hatred especially during elections. Despite the fact that no leader is perfect, people fail to concentrate on the bad side of a good leader and only se his good side. A leader should however see to it that his people do not hate him. Hatred would only lead to the princes failure. He states that the peoples allegiance is a stronger shield than a fortress (Niccolo, 2010). The love of the people gradually grows to trust, which is of most advantage to the leader. Trust makes it easier for the prince to carry on executions without objection. The leader himself will feel less fear of being overthrown because of the mutual trust. A good leader should also ensure that he gains the support of his people. Unless he achieves this, it is easy for jealous competitors to overthrow the

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Business law ( write a short story using the therms) - Essay Example is case had a condition precedent attached to it since the buyer of furniture is demanding that the furniture should be imported by no later than May 01, 2010 at London Port. If Simons Co. fails to export the requested items by the required date than Ajax Co. is declared free from making any payment since the condition precedent has not been fulfilled. Simons Co. being a multinational organization has the ability to borrow funds from international sources. It had initially borrowed fund amounting to $950,000 from Bank of England. So within the contract, Simons Co. contracts Ajax Co. to pay $950,000 to Bank of England if the contract is executed. The Bank of England is basically the creditor beneficiary in this case. On the other hand, by the virtue of law of assignment Ajax Co. transfers his rights to receive the furniture to Magna Co. which is a local dealer of furniture. Simon Co. was facing buoyant demand in its country and had tough time in meeting the contract. So it further refines the terms and condition of the contract with Ajax Co. that it will delegate its responsibility of manufacturing the required amount of furniture to another local corporation since it might not be able to meet the request due to its limited manufacturing capacity. The contract was finalized and it had all the explicit conditions mentioned and in case if some ambiguous terms are found than court will rule the decision against the party who has drafted the

Police Accountability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Police Accountability - Essay Example As the paper declares abusive police behavior is conceived of as antithetical to the functioning of a modern, free society and the public has a natural right to seek arrests in instances of police abuse. Seeking to understand police accountability presently in place in Canada, the following essay will explore the mechanisms to keep police officers subject to the law which they are charged with upholding. What are the police accountability mechanisms presently in Canada and are these mechanisms effective? With the theme of exploring this question with an eye to the ramifications of police accountability and 21st century, the following now turns to an exploration of police accountability in the Canadian context. According to the discussion findings as stated above, police accountability is essential to the functioning of a modern and free democratic society. Accordingly, Canadian society is based upon the notion that power rests with the people in that elected officials are subservient to the electorate. This is the basis of modern liberal democratic governance and the tenets which frame the ideas of Canadians vis-Ã  -vis their elected officials are also relevant with respect to the security of the state. Similarly, those who are entrusted with upholding the law are subject to the stipulations of the criminal justice system and are held accountable for their actions in the pursuit of fairness, justice and equality. In the Canadian context, police officers are accountable to the wider public through a variety of mechanisms which are in place to ensure that police officers remain subject to the law while they seek to uphold it.

Zen Buddhism Essay Example for Free

Zen Buddhism Essay Buddhism has grown from the flowing of a single man in his path to nirvana to a religion that spans the globe and has shaped many cultures. This paper will first present the history of Buddhism and the life of the man known as Buddha. Then, the fundamental teachings of Buddhism will be discussed. Finally, the unique aspects of Zen Buddhism will be examined. History of Buddhism and Life of Buddha Although the truths are ultimately unknown, Michael Molloy, in Experiencing the World’s Religions (2013), presented the details of the life of Siddhartha Gautama, the man who would come to be known as Buddha. Around 500 B.C.E., Siddhartha was born to a prince of the Shakya tribe in modern day Nepal. Siddhartha’s mother died a week after childbirth, leaving him in the care of a father whom, on the advice of a sage, ensured Siddhartha would leave an extremely sheltered but pleasant life. Upon Siddhartha’s first excursion into the world, he witnessed suffering and was so moved by it that he left home and went in search of a path to enlightenment. After attempting to gain insight through asceticism, Siddhartha rejected this way as inadequate and sought a path based on moderation instead. Legend speaks of Siddhartha meditating under a tree now knows as a Bodhi tree, resolved to not leave until he had reached the understanding that he sought. At dawn, Siddhartha achieved nirvana or enlightenment and became known as Buddha. Buddhism is a rejection of the Hindu gods, Vedic priesthood, and rituals. Fundamental Teachings of Buddhism Among Buddha’s teachings are three primary concepts: The Three Marks of Reality, The Four Noble Truths, and The Noble Eightfold Path. The Three Marks of Reality   Buddha taught that all reality bore three characteristics; Change, No Permanent Identity, and Suffering (Molloy, 2013). Change is the idea that all of reality, every facet and as a whole, is in constant flux, and turmoil. No permanent identity is the belief that all of reality, both living and non-living, has a permanent aspect; that no soul or spirit exists that resists the changes of time. The last mark of reality is suffering, the concept that, because reality is ever changing, all contentment most pass and bring misery in its wake. The Four Noble Truths The first truth is that to live is to suffer, meaning that in every stage of life, change will occur and that change will bring suffering and discontent. The second truth is that suffering comes from desire. This truth states that desire, in all of its aspects, binds mankind to illusions that reality will disprove and replace with suffering. The third truth is that to end suffering, one must end desire; that suffering will not cease when all desires are met, only when all desires are extinguished. Lastly, the fourth truth taught by Buddha is that release from suffering is possible and can be attained by following the noble eightfold path (Molloy, 2013). T he Noble Eightfold Path According to Molloy (2013), the Noble Eightfold Path is a set of eight practices, taught by Buddha, to allow the follower to â€Å"to face life objectively, to live kindly, and to cultivate inner peace† (pg. 134). The first part of the Path is Right Understanding, to recognize and understand the 3 marks of reality. The second part is Right Intention, maintaining a purity of thought and motives, untainted by desires and emotions. The third part of the path is Right Speech, the understanding that what if said can cause harm and that lies, exaggerations, and harsh words must be avoided. The fourth, Right Action, is to remember that there is already enough suffering in the world and that the actions of the follow should not contribute to that pain, even to animals. The fifth part is Right Work that one’s work does not cause additional suffering, even to one’s self. The sixth, Right Effort, is the understanding that, while maintaining moderation in one’s life, steps to improve should be taken when they can. The seventh step is Right Meditation that the follower uses meditation to examine the  depths of reality. Finally, the last part is the Right Contemplation, actively striving to obtain states of blissful inner peace in one’s life. Buddha did not teach that the eight steps were like a ladder, taken one after another, but all at the same times, to lead his followers closer to the state of nirvana. Zen Buddhism As the school of Mahayana developed, and traveled to China, it experienced pushback from its complex rituals and ceremonies. This pushback led to the forming of the school of Chan, with a simplification of Buddhist life and focus on singular meditation. As the school of Chan traveled to Japan, it further blended and developed into Zen Buddhism. Zen Buddhism developed it simplicity by examining the meditation and enlightenment of Buddha directly, and the teaching if Buddha that ritual does not directly lead to enlightenment. Zen has blended with Japanese society, and culture, influencing thought, art, and expression. Because of the influence of Zen Buddhism, Japanese arts have developed around the ideals of simplicity, practicality, and emptiness. An example of the ideals of Zen Buddhism can be found in the practice of the koan. A koan is a question that cannot be easily answered with logic, meditated on and answered in a way that demonstrated the understanding of the principle lesson of the koan, rather than explaining it (Molloy, 2013). Conclusion The paper has examined the life of Siddhartha Gautama, the man known as Buddha. Also, the Buddha’s teachings concerning reality and achieving inner peace have been described. Finally, the uniqueness of the school of Zen Buddhism has been explained. Reference Molloy, M. (2013). Experiencing the world’s religions: Tradition, challenge, and change (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc..